EGU General Assembly 2022  

What does it mean for a landscape to be sustainable? And what does sustainability mean for the people living on the landscape? As we address whether landscapes are sustainable or under which conditions sustainability can be achieved, it is important to realize that the view we get at system scale can be very different from the view at human scale. Sustainability can mean different things for the system and for the people living on it. The connector between these two views is the river network itself, which is responsible for the distribution of fluxes of water, sediment, and nutrients across the landscape. A leaky river network  connects channels and their floodplains, a fundamental property for the construction and maintenance of floodplains and delta plains. In this lecture, I will cover the analysis of landscapes across scales with particular focus on river deltas: what we learn from a system view, what happens at the local/human scale, and how the network fills the gap between these two views. I will also discuss which opportunities exist to inform delta sustainability from studies combining remote sensing, modeling, and field observations. Flux partitioning along delta networks, hot spots of change, and associated rates of change need to be quantified and this information integrated into adaptive delta management strategies for future climate scenarios.

How to cite: Passalacqua, P.: Towards sustainable landscapes: insights from the network and connectivity, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2073, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2073, 2022.

Hard engineering solutions are becoming economically unviable due to the high costs of construction, maintenance and adaptation to changes in sea level and storms. ‘Engineering with Nature’ (including the creation of salt marshes, seagrass beds) offers a more economically viable alternative for coastal protection.

However, despite the growing recognition of the necessity to move towards this greener alternative for coastal protection, there are still large uncertainties about factors determining the resilience of these systems to environmental change. As a consequence of sea-level rise, and of the increased occurrence of extreme weather conditions, coastal habitats are at risk of degradation and possible recession.  Human interactions add a layer of complexity to natural processes. Among the others, the sediment delivery to coastal areas has significantly changed over the years, for instance due to changes in catchment management, with consequences for the resilience of coastal systems.

This work uses numerical models to investigate the morphological and hydrodynamic features of coastal systems with environmental change. These numerical tools consist of hydrodynamic models coupled with morphological and sediment transport modules. Results investigate feedbacks between the shape of existing shorelines, wetlands resilience and external forcing such as tidal currents and wind waves. Results provide information useful for the study and management of ‘Engineering with Nature’ interventions and highlights the importance of a whole-system approach for the correct management of coastal areas.

How to cite: Leonardi, N.: Coastal wetlands and seagrass dynamics with environmental change, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2798, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2798, 2022.

Hard engineering solutions are becoming economically unviable due to the high costs of construction, maintenance and adaptation to changes in sea level and storms. ‘Engineering with Nature’ (including the creation of salt marshes, seagrass beds) offers a more economically viable alternative for coastal protection.

However, despite the growing recognition of the necessity to move towards this greener alternative for coastal protection, there are still large uncertainties about factors determining the resilience of these systems to environmental change. As a consequence of sea-level rise, and of the increased occurrence of extreme weather conditions, coastal habitats are at risk of degradation and possible recession.  Human interactions add a layer of complexity to natural processes. Among the others, the sediment delivery to coastal areas has significantly changed over the years, for instance due to changes in catchment management, with consequences for the resilience of coastal systems.

This work uses numerical models to investigate the morphological and hydrodynamic features of coastal systems with environmental change. These numerical tools consist of hydrodynamic models coupled with morphological and sediment transport modules. Results investigate feedbacks between the shape of existing shorelines, wetlands resilience and external forcing such as tidal currents and wind waves. Results provide information useful for the study and management of ‘Engineering with Nature’ interventions and highlights the importance of a whole-system approach for the correct management of coastal areas.

How to cite: Leonardi, N.: Coastal wetlands and seagrass dynamics with environmental change, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2798, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2798, 2022.

Landslides are prevalent in mountain landscapes and interact with the river network in a myriad of ways with impacts on flood and debris flow hazards and landscape evolution. Floods in mountainous regions often coincide with a high density of landslides triggered by heavy rainfall. However, the impacts of landslide-delivered sediment on flood dynamics are not typically considered in flood hazard assessment. Higher up in the river network, landslide sediment supply is a key component of debris flows. Yet, assessments of climate change impacts on debris flows to date have focused on likely changes in rainfall triggering potential of debris flows, overlooking the role of landslide sediment supply.

In a first case study, I demonstrate with an example from the Colorado Front Range how landslide-channel feedbacks can significantly amplify channel erosion and flood risk. We used a combination of field analysis and modelling with a multiphase flow model R.avaflow to test the hypotheses that landslide-flood interactions amplified channel erosion during a major flood event in 2013 by (1) bulking of the flow and (2) dam formation and failure dynamics.

In a second case study, I demonstrate with an example from the Swiss Alps, how landslide sediment supply limits debris flow hazard in a warming climate. We forced the sediment cascade model, SedCas, with climate simulations to disentangle the interactions between hydrological triggering, landslide sediment supply and elevation on mountain basin sediment transfer and debris flow hazard over the 21^st century. 

How to cite: Bennett, G.: Accounting for landslide-channel interactions in landscape evolution and hazards, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4290, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4290, 2022.

The study is geared towards the implementation of a workflow based on a Support Vector Regression Machine Learning (SVR-ML) approach which is conducive to estimates of flowrates across a given cross-section of a target stream in the presence of extreme precipitation events. The work is motivated by the observation that damages ensuing flash floods are a matter of global concern. A broad set of evidences suggests the ecosystem is experiencing changes of precipitation extremes, a causality relationship between increasing extreme floods and global climate dynamics being evidenced. In this context, practical tools associated with analyses of floods caused by extreme precipitation events can assist the design of early alert strategies across vulnerable regions. Physically and conceptually-based models have been extensively employed to link stream flowrates to precipitation events. These kinds of models are formulated and validated upon relying on continuous monitoring of flowrates as well as hydrometeorological variables associated with the area of the watershed related to a target stream. The typically high uncertainties underlying (a) the description of the physical processes governing the rainfall-runoff relationship as well as (b) monitoring and quantification of quantities and attributes characterizing the system behavior tend to propagate to outputs of interest of a given model. When considering well instrumented watersheds, data-driven modeling approaches grounded on machine learning (ML) algorithms can be an attractive alternative/complement to physically-based modeling approaches to analyze extreme flood events. Here, we rely on a Support Vector Regression ML (SVR-ML) algorithm that makes use of a linear kernel to provide estimates of hourly flowrate at a stream upon relying on observations of hydrometeorological variables across the watershed associated with the stream. The analysis encompasses three watersheds differing in size (ranging from about 25 to 250 km2) and located in the North of Italy and is structured across three steps: (i) identification of variables that are most informative to the target quantity (i.e., the flowrate in the stream), a step relying on cross-correlation and partial auto-correlation analyses; (ii) training of the SVR-ML algorithm, comprising the estimation of the optimal hyperparameters and parameters of trained models and the ensuing validation; and (iii) analysis of the anticipation time at which an early alert is effective, model performance being then quantified through the typical Mean Average Percentual Error (MAPE) metric. Our results suggest that, as expected, precipitation is the main driving force in a rainfall-runoff process, quantities such as temperature and relative humidity being least informative to the construction of the ML model considered. The predictive capability of the model (quantified through MAPE) is influenced by the desired anticipation time (i.e., the distance in time between the inputs and the output of the ML model). In general, one can note that (i) predictions of enhanced quality (MAPE smaller than 10%) are obtained for shorter anticipation times and (ii) models associated with low values of MAPE are obtained if the anticipation time is equal to or smaller than the time of concentration of the watershed.

How to cite: Sandoval, L., Riva, M., and Guadagnini, A.: Estimation of Floods Related to Extreme Precipitations through a Machine Learning Approach, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-1952, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1952, 2022.

Modelling river hydrodynamics in an efficient approach remains a technical challenge which limits our ability to assess river flood hazard or to use process-based erosion laws at a high-resolution in landscape evolution models. Here we present a fast iterative method, entitled FastFlood, to compute river depth and velocity in 2D on a digital elevation model (DEM). This new method solves for the 2D shallow water equation, without the inertia terms, by iteratively building the river water depth using classical flow routing algorithms based on directed acyclic graphs, including the classical single or multi-flow, applied to the water surface. At each iteration, the water depth of each cell of the DEM increases by an increment that is a function of water discharge, computed using a flow accumulation operation, and decreases based on a flow resistance equation, in a manner similar to the Floodos model (Davy et al., 2017). In the hydrostatic mode, this operation is repeated until reaching a near constant water depth over the entire DEM, which occurs after a few tens or hundreds of iterations. FastFlood can also solve for the dynamic propagation of a flood in the hydrodynamic mode. In this case, the water depth increment is only a function of the water discharge exiting the direct upstream neighbors and the iterations are replaced by a time evolution of the water depth. Water depths obtained with the hydrostatic solution were validated against an analytical solution in the case of a rectangular channel and with the Floodos model for natural DEMs. Compared to previous hydrodynamic models, the main benefits of FastFlood are its simplicity of implementation, which mainly requires a classical flow routing algorithm, and its efficiency. Indeed, for a DEM of 10⁶ cells, the algorithm takes about 2 minutes on a laptop to find the hydrostatic solution, about 10 times faster than using the Floodos model (Davy et al., 2017) that was already significantly faster than other hydrodynamic models. Moreover, the computational time scales a little more than linearly with the number of cells, which makes FastFlood a suitable solution even for DEMs larger than 10⁶ – 10⁷ cells. In the future, we expect to make progress on the numerical method by adapting graph-based solutions to the issue of flow water routing. Following Davy et al. (2017), we will also include FastFlood in a landscape evolution model to couple it to process-based laws for erosion, transport and deposition of sediments.

How to cite: Steer, P., Davy, P., Lague, D., Bernard, T., and Feliciano, H.: FastFlood: a fast and simple 2D hydrodynamic or hydrostatic numerical solution to river flow in landscape evolution models, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3142, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3142, 2022.

Extreme precipitation events are expected to intensify with global warming, and naturally a widespread assumption is that the intensity and frequency of flooding will grow with the heavier downpours under climate change. However, flood magnitude is not only dependent on the spatial distribution, time evolution and rarity of precipitation, antecedent soil moisture and snowmelt are also the potential controls on flood hazard. Few studies have jointly quantified the influence of soil moisture dynamics and spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation on flood amplitude, though many research attempted to explain the elusive relationship between rainfall and flood conceptually. Here, the connections of changes in extreme precipitation and direct surface water flooding intensities in the periods of 1981-2000, 2021-2040 and 2061-2080 are quantified in 6 study areas in the UK, with high-resolution spatial and temporal characteristics of hourly rainfall data from UKCP Local 2.2 km. Dynamic soil moisture is modeled empirically and continuously to capture the moisture variation and infiltration loss, and distributed rainfall-runoff is calculated on the uneven terrain with the sub-grid river channel model in LISFLOOD-FP. Results indicate a strong correlation of the extreme rainfall and flood magnitude changes with the capacity of the soil moisture. Extreme precipitation can be magnified in rainy seasons due to amplified moisture convergence, while in dry periods limited moisture availability may offset extreme precipitation increases.

How to cite: Rong, Y., Bates, P., and Neal, J.: Quantifying the impact of soil moisture dynamics on UK flood hazard under climate change, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3213, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3213, 2022.

We investigate the 2021 summer flood in Ahr catchment in West Germany, with the return period estimated preliminarily as 1 in more than 500 years [1]. A recent study has indicated that science did not fail to predict the flood event [2]. Yet, several scientific and administrative challenges are still to be addressed to improve existing flood forecasting systems for supporting local authorities to manage such extreme events. We bring some examples of what science and technology gaps need to be filled to address these issues. To do this, uncertainties associated with near-real time precipitation products with hourly and daily resolutions provided by the German weather service (DWD) have been investigated. The hydrological response of the catchment is tested to several high-resolution gridded precipitation observations and reanalysis data for post-assessment of the event. A new feature to read hourly meteorological input data was added to the mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM- www.ufz.de/mhm) to forced it with Radar-Online-Adjustment of hourly values measured at the precipitation stations (RADOLAN-mHM). Comparing the flood peak from RADOLAN-mHM with REGNIE-mHM at daily time steps provided valuable insights on development-orientation of near-real time and high-resolution flash flood analysis and forecast applications for Germany. Last but not least, the variability of maximum streamflow in the Ahr catchment was evaluated for future periods under climate change to check if such megafloods can be considered as new norms.

Fig 1. Boxplots of the annual maximum streamflow in Ahr river simulated by the mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM)
  for three periods between 1971-2000, 2000-2050 and 2051-2100. Simulation is conducted based on 21 ensembles under RCP 2.6 and 49 ensembles under RCP 8.5

References

[1] L. Samaniego, H. Najafi, O. Rakovec, P. Shrestha, S. Thober. (2021) High-resolution hydrologic forecasts were able to predict the 2021 German Floods: what failed?. AGU 2021 Fall Meeting, New Orleans.
[2] World weather attribution report, (2021) Rapid attribution of heavy rainfall events leading to the severe flooding in Western Europe during July 2021. https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/wp-content/uploads/Scientific-report-Western-Europe-floods-2021-attribution.pdf

How to cite: Najafi, H., Thober, S., Rakovec, O., shrestha, P. K., and Samaniego, L.: New insights for real-time flood forecasting in Germany: Lessons learned from 2021 summer flood in Ahr river, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4952, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4952, 2022.

Extreme weather situations are becoming increasingly frequent with devastating consequences worldwide. Heavy rainfall events in July 2021 caused severe flash floods in western Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, resulting in a high number of casualties and material damage. The high hazard potential combined with the low reaction times, associated with these events, make it necessary to develop efficient and reliable early warning systems (EWSs) to facilitate the preparation of response strategies. As nowcast precipitation forecasts are continuously improving in both quality and spatial resolution, they become an essential input for flash flood and landslide prediction models and therefore an important component in EWSs. However, the inherent uncertainty of radar-based nowcasting systems are carried over to the output of those prediction models. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the uncertainty sources of nowcasting products of the German weather service (DWD) using the July flood Event 2021 as a case study. More specifically, the objective is to determine whether the quality of precipitation nowcast products is sufficient for usage in physics-based flood or landslide prediction models. Due to the complex nature of weather and rainfall structures as well as their spatio-temporal variability, traditional cell-by-cell comparison of predictions and ground truth is insufficient to quantify forecast quality. To overcome this issue, uncertainties in magnitude, time and space and their respective sources are identified, using techniques from various fields of science. Subsequently, error propagation in flash flood prediction models is analyzed by applying the previously determined uncertainty ranges to a hydrological model.

How to cite: Winkels, B., Hofmann, J., Yildiz, A., Edrich, A.-K., Schüttrumpf, H., and Kowalski, J.: Quantifying rainfall forecast uncertainty and error propagation in flash flood and landslide prediction models, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6170, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6170, 2022.

Flash floods are a rapid burst of flood water that can cause extreme damage to populated areas. The European floods in France, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands in the summer of 2021 featured a wide range of flash floods with a large number of casualties and vast financial damage. Reflection on the risk reduction strategies have reemphasized the need for early warning systems in the upstream catchments of North-Western Europe. For applications such as this, the speed of flow simulations is critical, as the quality of real-time forecasting often depends on the frequency and amount of simulations that can be carried out as new weather forecasts come in. We present a new type of flood hazard model that, in many typical cases, solves flash flood hazard a 100 times faster with similar accuracy. The developed method employs steady-state solvers for diffusive wave water flow equations to skip the dynamical process and directly estimate relevant parameters such as maximum flow height, maximum flow velocity and relative arrival time of the flood water. These paramters are often the most important for warning systems and descision making in risk reduction. Our adapted algorithm improves upon traditional steady-state flow solvers by employing inversed flow accumulation results and compensation for partial steady-state flow. We show the accuracy of the method is similar to full dynamic water flow simulation in many types of events, such as the extreme 2003 floods in the Fella Basin (Italy), Hurricane-induced flooding on Dominica and the flood impact in Limburg in 2021 (The Netherlands). On average, with highly similar accuracy, calculation time was reduced from approximately 6 hours to 2.5 minutes. We further investigate the limits of the developed methods, in particular to practical applications in different type of flood events. While the sensitivity of the model to initial conditions is similar to that of regular flood models, the sensitivity of the hydraulic aspects is lower. Finally, we discuss potential usage for early-warning, spatial descision support systems and serious gaming approaches. While further investigation is required to fully validate the method, a break-through in flood hazard assessment could be on hand.

How to cite: van den Bout, B.: Super-fast flash flood simulation using steady-state flow solvers, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6953, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6953, 2022.

Efficient pluvial flood mapping methods are needed to produce realistic flood scenarios in very small upstream catchments. The Cartino2D method was developed to launch automatically 2D models based on the Telemac2D hydraulic software. The principle is quite simple, (1) create automatically the mesh with a topography based on Lidar, (2) manage automatically the boundary conditions, (3) run the model based on rainfall input data, and (4) postprocess the results. The extent of each 2D model generally varies between 2 to 10 km² with a maximum of 20km². The only manual work consists in checking or modifying the limits of hydrological catchments.

We began to use this method on the Toulon metropole (South of France) with 66 complementary computation domains covering about 180km² and using eight statistical rainfalls. We also tested and evaluated this method on twenty other case studies in different regions of France. In this presentation, we focus on two evaluations (flood of June 2010 in Draguignan and flood in 2014/2015 around Montpellier) conducted within the ANR PICS project.

In this project, we improved the method to automatically integrate radar rainfall and to compare the results with local knowledge, observed historical floods and local hydraulic studies.

Cartino2D offers interesting results in areas with natural, rural land-use or few urban developments. The density of the mesh (less than 3m in the thalwegs) and the Telemac2D model quality are sufficient to obtain a good accuracy in these areas.  

In urban areas, the method provides a first knowledge, but more complex input data are needed to improve the accuracy of results.

We try in this presentation to describe which databases should be created to improve the accuracy of such automatic computations. At the scale of urban areas with results around buildings, the databases need to be spatially well defined. We propose some standard of databases to be integrated in computations: for example, the main underground channels or culverts, the main aerial channels (particularly very small channels not recognized by Lidar), a spatial distribution of the Curve Number and of the Manning’s coefficient.

This kind of databases, which cannot be deduced automatically from Lidar data, appears as essential to improve the results of Cartino2D automatic process. This kind of knowledge exists locally, but up to now it is not integrated in homogeneous national or regional databases.

In the same way, we need also to have well-defined databases to compare automatic results with historical floods as flood marks, gauge stations.

Automatic 2D mapping of flash floods seems to be a realizable goal at a scale of a region or country with standard 2D hydraulic models. But the current main limits appear to be a lack of good input database management, which limits the current accuracy of mapping results.

How to cite: Pons, F., Alquier, M., and Paya, E.: Automatic 2D mapping of flash floods: which possibilities and limits? An illustration based on the Cartino2D method, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7212, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7212, 2022.

Mountain rivers experience channel widening as a response to high-magnitude hydrological events. Several studies indicate that the unit stream power (ω_pk) and the lateral confinement (CI) are among the most important constraints to explain channel modifications induced by a flood. That said, with the same controlling factors, a relatively broad spectrum of width ratios (WR = channel width after/before the flood) is commonly observed in real case studies. Sediment transport in mountain streams occurs via processes classified as debris flows (DFW), debris floods (DFD) and water flows (WF). This study aims to test if different flow-types are one of the drivers of channel response to floods, specifically investigating if there is a relationship between DFD (i.e. a transport condition characterized by extremely high bedload) and intense channel widening.

The case study is the Cordevole catchment (Dolomites, Italy; drainage area of 857 km²), which in October 2018 was affected by a severe hydrological event (Vaia storm). Besides the main stem of the Cordevole River, we considered four of its tributaries (Tegnas, Pettorina, Liera and Corpassa torrents). WR was determined at the sub-reach scale through aerial photographs analysis and ω_pkwas calculated considering the discharge at the flood peak provided by hydrological modelling. A post-flood survey allowed us to determine the flow-types that occurred at each sub-reach of the Tegnas Torrent during the event. The possible upheaval from WF to DFD along the other streams was determined considering the presence of conditions required for local occurrence of DFD (i.e. ω_pk exceeding 5000 Wm^-2 and/or DFW tributaries delivering large amount of sediment into a receiving stream).

DFD sub-reaches of the Tegnas Torrent experienced widenings that, at the same ω_pk, were 2-3 times larger than WR of WF sites. These processes-specific relationships were used to recognize sub-reaches of the other streams were an “anomalous widening” occurred during the Vaia event, i.e. sites where WR was significantly larger-than-expected for a specific ω_pkunder conditions of WF. Among 117 sub-reaches, anomalous widening was recognized at 13 and 6 sub-reaches of the Liera (WR up to 16) and Pettorina (WR up to 10) torrents, respectively. All these sub-reaches were characterized by the presence of conditions required for DFD occurrence during a high-magnitude flood, allowing us to infer that the process responsible for sediment transport during the Vaia event was likely DFD. Contrariwise, no sub-reaches of the Cordevole and Corpassa streams experienced anomalous widening, likely because WF occurred along their whole courses due to their morphological characteristics (e.g. wide channel before the flood) and/or lower magnitude of the flooding locally induced by the storm.  

These results suggest that an extraordinary-widening characterizes DFD channel sites, which, during a severe flood, can be affected by channel changes remarkably more intense than those occurring in response to WF. For this reason, in addition to hydraulic and morphological constraints, the different sediment–water flows possibly occurring at a sub-reach should be considered as a further controlling factor for channel modifications and, consequently, for prediction of geomorphic hazard at local scale.

How to cite: Brenna, A., Marchi, L., Borga, M., Zaramella, M., and Surian, N.: Debris floods and channel widening in mountain rivers: Examples from the Vaia Storm (October 2018) in the Cordevole River catchment (Dolomites, Italy), EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7768, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7768, 2022.

After having swept over western France, the ALEX storm led to an exceptional Mediterranean rainfall event which hit the “Alpes Maritimes” region during the night of the 2nd to 3rd October 2020. The rainfall accumulations observed on 12 to 24 hours durations were unique in this region, with a record of 663mm in 24h (EDF raingauge at Les Mesces).

Form West to East, several valleys, mainly those of Tinée, Vésubie, and Roya were affected by major floods, landslides, sediment transport and geomorphological changes. The hydrometric network was almost destroyed. The human and material damages were considerable, with many fatalities and missing people, several villages largely destroyed, and important destructions of communication and transport networks.

A lot of technical post-flood surveys were launched by national authorities to gather a detailed knowledge of the event characteristics, with regard to rainfall accumulations, water discharges, description the torrential phenomena, and inventory of damages. This communication is focused on the question of water discharges.

National and local authorities and organisms, universities and companies, were involved in different post-flood surveys aiming at gathering information on the peak discharges and the hydrographs of the floods, for their own needs and/or within structured programs (Administrative survey, HYMEX research project www.hymex.org).

Several kind of discharge field estimations were provided using field survey measurements, satellites images, post-event Lidar data, combined with hydraulic estimations based on hydraulic formulas, and 1D/2D hydraulic models. Several teams also applied hydrological models based on radar quantitative precipitation estimates, to calculate hydrographs at different basins outlets.

To combine and draw a uniform synthesis of all these results, a consensus exchange was launched to share the knowledge gathered by the different data providers. The objective was to compare, assess, and propose common intervals of peak discharges in the different impacted valleys. We also evaluated for each valley the return period of the final interval of discharge established by the consensus.

The final product is an official administrative document, established at the end of October 2021 by the French state authorities, providing the peak discharge values to be used for post flood studies, reconstruction, and prevention measures.

How to cite: Pons, F., Bonnifait, L., Criado, D., Payrastre, O., Billaud, F., Brigode, P., Fouchier, C., Gourbesville, P., Kuss, D., Le Nouveau, N., Martin, O., Nomis, S., Paquet, E., and Cardelli, B.: Towards a hydrological consensus about the 2nd – 3rd October 2020 ALEX storm event in the French “Alpes Maritimes” region, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7913, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7913, 2022.

Best allocation of ressources from stakeholders that face fast-flooding implies a dynamic representation of the risk, exposure, and danger, in a situation where parameters (roughness, infiltration, drainage network etc.), and input (bathymetry and rainfall) can be both uncertain and volatile. Ensemble strategy simulation appears as a good approach to deal with these issues.
Fast-flood event are also typically events where meteorological predictions can underestimate the actual rainfalls until very late. Urban microcharacteristics can also make models sensitive to spatial resolution, and « events » such as log jam can even modify DEM. 
At Strane Innovation, we develop a decision-support tool called BlueMapping. To be operational, that is, fast to deploy and reliable, we use this ensemble strategy together with the fastests simulation models deployed on powerful computers. It also requires quick and robust routines for the setup of the model, with proxies when data is not available at the moment, and inputs that are easy to modify if necessary.
We will ilustrate this discussion through the test case of the Alex storm that hit la Vésubie and la Roya valleys. After a quick benchmark with a standard model, we will compare the outcome between the flooding predicted by different models and the actual outcome. 
Since BlueMapping can be integrated in an alarm system, it is important to assess the values of the confusion matrix, in particular the false alarm ratio, to make sure our tool keeps its value over time.

How to cite: Wacheux, C.: Ensemble strategy for decision-support tool : a case study of the Alex storm in 2020 in la Roya and la Vésubie valleys, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-9023, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-9023, 2022.

This contribution presents improvements of conceptual models in SMASH (Spatially distributed Modelling and ASsimilation for Hydrology) platform, underlying the French national flash flood forecasting system Vigicrues Flash [1], based on: (i) the 3-parameters model formulation and variational data assimilation algorithm of [2] that showed promising results (i) hypothesis testing on a large sample of catchments and flash floods; (ii) comparison of the SMASH model performances in uniform and distributed calibration to GR models; (iii) a new wrapped Python interface automatically generated by the f90wrap library [3]. Multiple tests have allowed us to converge on two parsimonious distributed model structures that have comparable performances to the GR models in spatially uniform calibration. These two structures, mainly based on GR operators at the pixel scale, differ in the production operator, with the 6-parameters structure being GR production and the 7-parameters structure being VIC production. Furthermore, the use of distributed calibration applied to these formulations via adjoint model resolution shows significantly better calibration performances without being less robust in spatio-temporal validation. Immediate work deals with improving the regional calibration scheme by tayloring the global search of semi-distributed prior parameter sets, with multi-gauge constrains, improving physiographic regularizations in the forward-inverse SMASH assimilation chain, using Python librairies.

References
[1] P. Javelle, et al. Flash flood warnings: Recent achievements in france with the national vigicrues flash system UNDRR GAR, 2019.
[2] M. Jay-Allemand, et al.. On the potential of variational calibration for a fully distributed hydrological model: application on a mediterranean catchment. HESS, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5519-2020
[3] J. R. Kermode. f90wrap: an automated tool for constructing deep python interfaces to modern fortran codes. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/ab82d2

How to cite: Colleoni, F., Garambois, P.-A., Jay-Allemand, M., Javelle, P., Arnaud, P., Fouchier, C., and Gejadze, I.: Assessing parsimonious hydrological model structures with distributed adjoint-based calibration in SMASH Python-Fortran platform on large sample of French catchments and flash floods, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-12136, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12136, 2022.

Flash flooding from intense rainfall frequently results in major damage and loss of life across Africa. Over the Sahel, intense rainfall from Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) is the main driver of flash floods, with recent research showing that these have tripled in frequency over the last 35 years. This climate-change signal, combined with rapid urban expansion in the region, suggests that the socio-economic impacts of flash flooding will become more frequent and severe. Appropriate disaster preparedness, response, and resilience measures are required to manage this increasing risk.

The NFLICS (Nowcasting FLood Impacts of Convective storms in the Sahel) project has co-developed a prototype early warning system for Senegal, incorporating nowcasting of heavy rainfall likelihood and flood risk from MCSs at city and sub-national scales. This system uses remote sensed satellite data and has been developed in partnership with the national meteorological agency (ANACIM) to operate quickly in real-time. To identify convective activity, wavelet analysis is applied to Meteosat data on cloud-top temperature for historical periods (2004 to 2019) and for the start-time of a nowcast. Data on historical convective activity, conditioned on the present location and timing of observed convection, are used to produce probabilistic forecasts of convective activity out to six hours ahead. Verification against the convective activity analysis and the 24-hour raingauge accumulations over Dakar suggests that these probabilistic nowcasts provide useful information on the occurrence of convective activity. The highest skill (compared to nowcasts based solely on climatology) is obtained when the probability of convection is estimated over spatial scales between 100 and 200km, depending on the forecast lead-time considered. Furthermore, recent advances have included incorporation of land surface temperature anomalies to modify nowcast probabilities – this recognises that MCS evolution favour drier land.

A flood knowledge database, compiled with local partners, allows estimation of the flood risk over Dakar given the identified probability of convective activity. The flood hazard is estimated from the probabilistic convective-activity nowcast when combined with information on the historical relationship between convective activity and precipitation totals. Information on the antecedent conditions can also be included, with a higher level of hazard associated with recent rainfall and already-wet conditions. Flood vulnerability is estimated at the local scale from post-event analysis of the 2009 flood events along with information from recent modelling studies and flood-alleviation measures. The combined information from nowcasts of convective-activity and flood-risk is visualised through an interactive desktop GUI and an online portal. Operational trials over the 2020 and 2021 rainy seasons, and during intensive nowcasting testbeds with researchers and forecasters, has shown the utility of these new nowcast products to support Impact-based Forecasting.

How to cite: Cole, S. J., Anderson, S., Diop, A., Taylor, C., Klein, C., Wells, S., Nash, G., and Diagne, M.: Nowcasting Flood Impacts of Convective storms in the Sahel, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-13445, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-13445, 2022.

The structure and function of rivers is directly related to bedload transport which is difficult to measure due to its spatial heterogeneity and the logistic constraints of field measurements. These difficulties have given rise to the morphological method wherein sediment transport is inferred from changes in morphology and estimates of the distance traveled by sediment during a flood, its path length. However, current methods for estimating path length are time and labor intensive, have low recovery rates, and are limited to some morphological units. We propose a method to estimate path length from repeat digital elevation models (DEM’s of difference i.e. DoDs) which are requisite for the morphological method. We interpret the pattern of erosion and deposition downstream as a signal and apply Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), a signal processing method, to quantify the periodicity as a proxy for path length. We developed this method using flume experiments with measured sediment flux and applied it to published field data with tracer measurements for validation. The preliminary results provide a range of values on the same order of magnitude as measured tracer and flux data and are coherent with channel geometry. This method provides a reasonable estimation of path length based solely on remotely sensed data and a range of plausible sediment fluxes associated with specific channel morphological processes through DoD interpretation.

How to cite: Capito, L., Bizzi, S., Surian, N., and Bertoldi, W.: Particle path length estimation: a signal processing approach, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-1378, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1378, 2022.

Seismic shaking in mountain environments introduces the potential for complex fluvial response from a multitude of landslide sources. Stream networks may be impacted in multiple branches, introducing the possibility of interacting sedimentary ‘pulses’ moving through the system. Large quantities of mobile sediment added to the stream network from multiple sources during and after a co-seismic event can overload susceptible river reaches, causing changes in sediment transport and storage. Although past research works have addressed dynamic sediment movement in river networks and identification of sedimentary hotspots, the physiographic factors (e.g. canyons, bends, fans, slope change) that prompt such change remain unexplored. The catchment settings and reach sequences that contribute most to delay/acceleration of the sediment in the active mountain environments are investigated in order to improve hazard assessment in susceptible terrain. In this work, we employ the one-dimensional River Network Bed-Material Sediment model (Czuba & Foufoula-Georgiou, 2014) to explore the landscape factors that may lead to hotspot behaviour for the very coarse sand fraction (2mm), followed by multi-criteria analysis of four basic stream network parameters: slope, sinuosity, channel confinement and tributary influence. Patterns of network topology associated with delay and accumulation of river sediment in the model were systematically identified in 75,400 stream links from 16 major drainages (135 to 6425 km²) of New Zealand’s upper South Island, as assessed by sediment travel time and the cluster persistence index (CPI). Catchment size determines the number of sediment sources, and thus ultimately the magnitude of the sedimentary hotspots i.e., bigger catchments can accommodate more landslides which increases the sediment input, along with the chances of sediment accumulation at susceptible locations. Multi-criteria analysis of the top 10 reaches with highest CPI values in each catchment (160 sites, total), showed that about 30% of the hotspots occurred in partly-confined valley settings with gentle slope (<0.02m/m), moderate sinuosity (1-1.1), downstream from the confluence of two or more tributaries. This combination emerged as the most likely setting for the occurrence of sedimentary hotspots in active mountain river networks. This approach may provide a simple means to map out susceptible sites based upon reach characteristics, which will not only contribute to improved catchment hazard assessment but may also help to augment more sophisticated models of catchment response to co-seismic landslide events.

How to cite: Tamang, N. B. and Tunnicliffe, J.: Network-scale analysis of sedimentary hotspots in dynamic, seismically-active steepland rivers, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-1395, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1395, 2022.

Bedload transport estimation is required for a variety of engineering and ecological applications. Measurement of bedload transport by direct sampling is expensive and time-consuming and rarely captures the spatio-temporal variability of bedload transport. Recent research shows that passive acoustic technology, such as hydrophone, has the potential to monitor bedload transport by recording Self Generated Noise (SGN) resulting from particles collision. In this work, we present a calibration curve relating specific bedload flux to cross-sectional acoustic power for 40 experiments conducted on 13 French rivers. We present the measurement protocols for bedload transport and SGN, the results of the campaign, and discuss the physics of the relationship between the measured quantities.

How to cite: Nasr, M., Geay, T., Zanker, S., and Recking, A.: Multi-river Calibration Curve for Passive Acoustic Bedload Transport Monitoring., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2505, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2505, 2022.

Bedload transport is a fundamental process by which coarse sediment is transferred through landscapes by river networks and may be well described stochastically by distributions of grain step length and rest time obtained through tracer studies. To date, none of these published tracer studies have specifically investigated the influence of large wood in the river channel on distributions of step length or rest time, limiting the applicability of stochastic sediment transport models in these settings. Large wood is a major component of many forested rivers and is increasing due to anthropogenic ‘Natural Flood Management’ (NFM) practices. This study aims to investigate and model the influence of large wood on grain-scale bedload transport. 

We tagged 957 cobble – pebble sized particles (D₅₀ = 73 mm) and 28 pieces of large wood (> 1 m in length) with RFID tracers in an alpine mountain stream. We monitored the transport distance of tracers annually over three years, building distributions of tracer transport distances. Empirical data was used in linear mixed modelling (LMM) statistical analysis, determining the relative influence proximity to wood had on likelihood of entrainment, deposition, and the transport distances of sediments. 

Tracer sediments accumulated both up and downstream of large wood pieces, with LMM analysis confirming a reduction in the probability of entrainment of tracers closer to wood in all three years. Upon remobilisation, tracers entrained from positions closer to large wood had shorter subsequent transport distances in each year. In 2019, large wood also had a trapping effect, significantly reducing the transport distances of tracer particles entrained from upstream, i.e. forcing premature deposition of tracers. This study demonstrates the role of large wood in influencing bedload transport in alpine stream environments, with implications for both natural and anthropogenic addition of wood debris in fluvial environments.

How to cite: Clark, M., Bennett, G., Ryan, S., Sear, D., and Franco, A.: Capturing the Influence of Large Wood on Fluvial Bedload Transport with RFID Tracers and Linear Mixed Modelling, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2894, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2894, 2022.

Storm waves transport and sort coarse gravel along coasts. This fundamental process is important under changing sea-levels and increased storm frequency and intensity. However, limited information on intra-storm clast motion restricts theory development for coastal gravel sorting and coastal management of longshore transport. Here, we use ‘smart boulders’ equipped with loggers recording underwater, real-time, intra-storm clast motion, and measured longshore displacement of varied-mass marked boulders during storms. We utilize the unique setting of the Dead Sea shores where rapidly falling water levels allow isolating boulder transport during individual storms. Guided by these observations, we develop a new model quantifying the critical wave height for a certain clast mass mobilization. Then, we obtain an expression for the longshore clast displacement under the fluid-induced pressure impulse of a given wave. Finally, we formulate the sorting enforced by wave-height distributions during a storm, demonstrating how sorting is a direct manifestation of regional hydroclimatology.

How to cite: Eyal, H., Enzel, Y., Meiburg, E., Vowinckel, B., and G Lensky, N.: How does Coastal Gravel get Sorted under Stormy Longshore Transport?, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6075, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6075, 2022.

The size distribution of sediments together with their shape inform on their transport history, are important factors controlling the efficiency of erosion and transport, and control the quality of aquatic ecosystems. However, the size distribution of sediments is generally assessed using poorly representative field measurements and determining the grain-scale shape of sediments remains a real challenge in geomorphology. To tackle this issue, we develop a new methodological approach based on the segmentation and geomorphological fitting of 3D point clouds. Point cloud segmentation into individual grains is performed using a watershed algorithm applied here to 3D point clouds. Once the grains are individualized into several sub-clouds, the morphology of each grain is determined by fitting a 3D ellipsoid to each sub-cloud. These 3D models are then used to extract the size distribution and the grain-scale shape of the sediment population. The algorithm is validated against field data acquired by Wolman counts in coastal and fluvial environments. The main benefits of this automatic and non-destructive method are that it provides, with a fast and efficient approach, access to 1) an un-biased estimate of surface grain-size distribution on a large range of scales, from centimeters to tens of meters; 2) a very large number of data, only limited by the number of grains in the point-cloud dataset; 3) the 3D morphology of grains, in turn allowing to develop new metrics characterizing the size and shape of grains; and 4) the in-situ orientation and organization of grains and grain clusters. The main limit of this method is that it is only able to detect grains with a characteristic size significantly greater than the resolution of the point cloud.

How to cite: Guerit, L., Steer, P., Lague, D., Crave, A., and Gourdon, A.: Fast and automatic measurement of grain geometries from 3D point clouds, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6321, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6321, 2022.

We have measured unit sediment fluxes and their relationship to unit water discharges over 7 orders of magnitude on hillslopes of up to 350 m in length in Arizona. Unit sediment and water fluxes were measured using a novel combination of instrumented monitoring plots and repeat photogrammetric surveys analyzed volumetrically. The monitoring plots, which are ideal for measuring sediment fluxes in relatively planar portions of the landscape dominated by slope-wash erosion, funnel water and sediment into a detention basin where bedload sediment fluxes are measured and then into a flume where water discharges and suspended sediment fluxes are measured at 1-minute intervals using a pressure transducer and calibrated turbidity sensor. Repeat photogrammetric surveys complement the monitoring plots by measuring sediment fluxes in rills that tend to form in areas of convergent flow during intense rain events. The volumetric change in each pixel is digitally routed to determine the volumetric sediment flux in each pixel associated with rilling during a rain event. Unit water discharges for every pixel cannot be measured directly but are estimated using a rainfall-runoff model calibrated to the monitoring plot data. The relationship between unit sediment fluxes and unit water dischargees exhibits two piecewise power-function relationships with different exponents characterizing the slope-wash and rill-dominated regimes. We developed a novel landscape evolution model, inspired by the SIBERIA model but improved in specific ways optimized for hillslopes, that uses the measured piecewise power-function relationship between unit sediment fluxes and unit water discharges to predict hillslope evolution from time scales of individual events to decades. The predictions of the model are validated using ten years of observation of rill development at the study site. We provide equations for estimating the parameters of the piecewise power-function relationship for other hillslopes with different cover characteristics. This measurement and modeling framework must be tested at more study sites but is potentially useful for predicting the erosion of any hillslope, including alternative designs for landscape rehabilitations following mining or other anthropogenic disturbances.   

How to cite: Pelletier, J., Abramson, N., Chataut, S., Ananthanarayan, S., and Ludwick, D.: Measurement and modeling of slope-wash and rill erosion on hillslopes using a novel combination of instrumented plots and remote sensing, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6666, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6666, 2022.

Accurate measurements of bedload flux in mountain rivers remain an important issue in hydraulic engineering. Diverse acoustic-based monitoring devices have been utilized to record continuous vibration signals triggered by bedload particle impacts, aiming to translate bedload information such as transport rates and grain size distributions from the generated signals. However, the spatial variability of bedload impacts on the river bed (or on an impact plate) contributes to uncertainty in the calibration relationship between the recorded signal and bedload flux.

The present study develops an acoustic model based on microphone data to determine the characteristics of the air shock waves induced by the bedload particle impacts on the bed. A phased microphone array (PMA) system is established on the plane underside of an impact plate flush with the river bed, which includes a number of mini microphone elements set apart from each other at a specific spacing distance. The model allows for a calculation of the cross-power matrix of the air vibrations recorded by each microphone of the array. The acoustic vibrations recorded on the PMA plane are subsequently reconstructed and transformed to an acoustic image of the sound source on a scanning plane of the plate surface, considering different air propagation models corresponding to monopole, multipole and moving sources. As a result, the locations of the bedload particle impacts can be detected, connecting to the central coordinates of the reconstructed sound source. The signal amplitude extracted from the sound intensity in the reconstructed acoustic image potentially provides a better way for classifying bedload particle size than just utilizing the raw data recorded by one of the microphone elements.

The findings of this study contribute to the measurement and monitoring of the bedload transport with an acoustic system, illustrating a promising way to identify bedload impact locations, which could be helpful in grain size classification during the transport process.

How to cite: Chen, Z., He, S., Nicollier, T., Ammann, L., Badoux, A., and Rickenmann, D.: An acoustic model for monitoring bedload transport with microphones array, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6702, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6702, 2022.

Abstract: Climate change and land-use change impact the sediment flux and grainsize delivered to rivers which influences channel morphologies and hence modifies flood risk; this is particularly the case where channels are fed by high mountain catchments. Here, We studied the Nakkhu River which is the largest southern tributary of the Kathmandu basin, Nepal. The mobility of the channel is well documented in response to bank erosion, down-cutting, and accumulation of bar forms; these processes are particularly important during extreme flood events. Comparing satellite images from 2003 to 2020, the river course, which has a medium channel width of 15 m, has migrated laterally up to 130m. Bank erosion and down-cutting reduce the inundation and water storage upstream, whereas aggradation of river bar forms downstream reduces the channel’s conveyance capacity. These vertical and lateral geomorphological alterations result in significant impact on flood risk downstream.

In this research, we investigate how changes in sediment supply, and grain size affect river morphology and flood inundation in the Nakkhu River. We use the landscape evolution model, CAESAR-Lisflood, combined with a newly generated (2019) 10 m digital elevation model, field-derived grainsize data and 20 years (2001 to 2020) of daily discharge data, to simulate erosion and deposition along a 14 km reach of the river. In a set of experiments, we compare river bed cross-sections, flood extent, and water depths for 15 model scenarios where we vary sediment supply and grain size from fine sand to coarse gravel dominated distributions assessing the geomorphic uncertainty of observation of sediment data.

The model results show that channel morphologies are sensitive to changes in sediment grainsize distribution. The study suggests that lack of consideration of sediment impact in flood hazard mapping could lead to increased flood risk. In addition, this study highlights some of the challenges regarding the significance of grain size parameter and uncertainty to the landscape evolution model that need to be addressed in current research.

Keywords: River morphology, sediment flux, grainsize, flood modelling, Nepal

How to cite: Thapa, S., Sinclair, H. D., Creed, M., Mudd, S. M., Attal, M., Muthusamy, M., and Sharma, B.: Modelling the sensitivity of changes in sediment flux and grainsize distributions on flooding in the Kathmandu basin, Nepal, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6865, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6865, 2022.

Measuring the concentration and grain size of suspended sand in rivers continuously remains a scientific challenge due to its pronounced spatio-temporal variability. Vertical and lateral gradients within a river cross-section require spatially-distributed water sampling at multiple verticals and depths. However, this classical approach is time-consuming and offers limited temporal resolution. Sampling is particularly difficult in presence of a bimodal suspension composed of fine sediment and a sand fraction, notably if the fine/sand ratio varies with time. The aim of this study is to establish time series of sand concentration and grain size by improving temporal resolution using an acoustic multi-frequency method based on acoustic attenuation and backscatter to measure the suspension indirectly. Experiences of Moore et al. (2012) and Topping & Wright (2016) with Horizontal Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (HADCPs) show that dual-frequency inversion can separate the fine sediment fraction dominating acoustic attenuation from the sand fraction dominating acoustic backscatter. Concentration and grain size of suspended sediment, both the fine and sand fraction, can be quantified by signal inversion after correction for transmission losses.

Applying existing dual-frequency, semi-empirical methods in a typical Piedmont river (River Isère, France) remains a challenge due to the high concentrations and a broad bimodal distribution. Two monostatic HADCPs of 400 and 1000 kHz were installed at a hydrometric station of the Isère at Grenoble Campus where discharge and turbidity have been recorded for more than 20 years. Using frequent isokinetic water samples obtained with US P-72 and US P-06 samplers close to the ensonified volume, a relation between acoustic signal and the sediment concentration and grain size can be determined. Simultaneously, total sand flux and grain size distribution are calculated performing solid gaugings using Delft bottle samples and ADCP measurements in the entire cross-section. The method using index concentration and grain size in the HADCP measurement area is then used to evaluate the total sand flux and average grain size time-series in the cross-section.

First results show good correlations between the fine sediment concentration and the sediment attenuation for both frequencies. Specific extreme events (e.g. debris flows, dam flushes or spring floods) show distinct signatures in acoustic attenuation, backscatter and ratio between the two frequencies. During a debris flow (concentration up to 5.3 g/l), attenuation reached 1.6 and 3 dB/m for 400 respectively 1000 kHz, but no peak in backscatter intensity, whereas a spring flood (up to 4 g/l with at least 50 % sand) caused major peaks in attenuation and backscatter. Pronounced hysteresis during the events and time-varying ratio between attenuation due to sediments measured by 400 and 1000 kHz indicate suggest that the grain size distribution may vary. Relating sand concentration from physical samples with beam-averaged backscatter may elucidate changes in grain size more precisely. Existing heterogeneities of concentration and grain size along the acoustic beam contradict the homogeneous distribution supposed by the method and require local analysis based on local concentration and grain size characteristics.

How to cite: Laible, J., Camenen, B., Le Coz, J., Dramais, G., Lauters, F., and Pierrefeu, G.: Establishing time series of flux and grain size of suspended sand in rivers using an acoustic method, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7344, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7344, 2022.

Bed load transport is a critical parameter in the study of landscape evolution and also provides valuable information for problems in the fields of ecology, river and landuse management, and civil engineering. Bed load transport is difficult to assess due to its stochastic nature and highly variable transport rates, and traditional measurement techniques have struggled to capture the spatial and temporal variability of bed load transport. In recent years, bed load monitoring based on seismological observations has emerged, which allows non-invasive and continuous indirect measurements. However, there still remains a significant challenge to independently characterise the seismic signature of bed load from other sources of noise, such as turbulence. Our study aims to explore seismic data recorded at the highly braided River Feshie in Scotland, which has undergone significant morphological change in its history and has been highly monitored over the last couple decades through Digital Elevation Models. Since the deployment of our seismometers in December 2020 we have captured three independent high flow events plus an isolated earthquake, which are being used to determine the environmental signals and the site specific signal characteristics. In some previous studies, an observed hysteretic relationship between seismic power and hydrological parameters has been interpreted as being characteristic of bed load transport. From the data we have gathered we have observed a hysteresis in the signals, and through Shields calculations it is suggested that bed load transport would be expected during these events. However, without independent constraints we do not feel we can be absolutely certain that this behaviour is a result of bed load transport. Our ongoing study therefore aims to combine multiple physical measurement techniques, such as hydroacoustic measurements, time-lapse imagery and seismic observations, to try and pinpoint what is contributing to the seismic signals recorded and how we can isolate the bed load transport component.

How to cite: Matthews, B., Naylor, M., Sinclair, H., Dietze, M., Williams, R., and Cuthill, C.: Isolating bed load transport from river induced seismic signals, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7633, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7633, 2022.

Sand transport by wind displays dynamic structure and organisation in the form of streamers (aka ‘sand snakes’) that appear, meander and intertwine, and then dissipate as they are advected downwind. These patterns of saltating grain populations are thought to be initiated and controlled by eddies in the turbulent boundary layer airflow that scrape over the bed surface raking up sand into entrainment. Streamer behaviour is thus fundamental to understanding sand transport dynamics, in particular its strong spatio-temporal variability, and is equally relevant to granular transport in other geophysical flows (fluvial, submarine).

This paper presents findings on sand transport rates and streamer dynamics observed in a field experiment on a beach, by analysing imagery from 30Hz video footage, combined with 50Hz sand transport data from laser particle counters (‘Wenglors’), all taking place over an area of ~10 m² and over periods of several minutes.

Mapping of streamers and saltation cloud density is compared with fluctuations in sand transport rate measured at the Wenglors. Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) is applied to determine advection vectors that can be matched against in-situ measurements of airflow and sand transport. Analysing video-imagery of aeolian sand transport faces several challenges, however, most notably the difficulties of background subtraction to differentiate the moving streamers from the underlying beach surface.

How to cite: Baas, A.: Video-Imagery Analysis of Aeolian Sand Transport over a Beach, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7639, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7639, 2022.

Flowing through the landscape, rivers generate high-frequency ground vibrations (> 1 Hz) by exerting force fluctuations on the bed. The well-established evidence that seismic sensors detect a wide variety of fluvial processes has motivated the use of seismology to indirectly measure sediment transport. In the last decade, numerous efforts have been dedicated to develop physically-based mechanistic models to investigate the link between the river-induced seismic signal and sediment transport properties such as the characteristic diameter of the transported sediments, bedload transport rate, debris flow thickness and velocity. However, most of the existing theories rely on simplistic descriptions of the transport dynamics that may not necessarily be sufficient to capture realistic behaviours. In particular, highly concentrated sediment flows are characterized by complex grain scale physical processes that could have a major impact on their seismic signature (Allstadt et al., 2020; Piantini et al., 2021).

Here, we carry out laboratory experiments to explore the seismic signature of highly concentrated sediment flows. Our scaled experimental setup allows the self-triggering and propagation of sediment pulses in a steep channel (slope of 18%), using a wide bimodal grain size distribution typical of mountain streams. We monitor physical parameters such as flow surface elevation, outlet solid discharge and the corresponding granulometric composition, together with seismically relevant quantities such as basal force fluctuations and flume vibrations using force and ultrasonic sensors, respectively. We observe transport conditions that range from the dilute transport of big grains (sediment pulse front) to dense sediment flows (sediment pulse body). Consistent with previous studies, the passage of the unsaturated front exerts the highest force fluctuations and seismic power. However, we also find that the body, despite having an amount of coarse particles similar to the front, becomes dramatically quieter when bulk density increases and the content of fine particles is maximum. We explain this latter behaviour by two main processes. First, flow stratification prevents a large part of the transported sediments from generating direct impacts to the fixed channel bed. Second, fines allow the formation of a conveyor belt that transport big particles with reduced collisions, as manifested by a considerable increase in their downstream velocity. These findings argue that internal stratification and the presence of a high content of fines may exert a major control on the seismic signature of highly concentrated sediment flows.

References

Allstadt, K. E., Farin, M., Iverson, R. M., Obryk, M. K., Kean, J. W., Tsai, V. C., Rapstine, T. D., and Logan, M.: Measuring Basal Force Fluctuations of Debris Flows Using Seismic Recordings and Empirical Green’s Functions, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf., 125, 9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF005590, 2020

Piantini, M., Gimbert, F., Bellot, H., and Recking, A.: Triggering and propagation of exogenous sediment pulses in mountain channels: insights from flume experiments with seismic monitoring, Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1423–1439, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1423-2021, 2021

How to cite: Piantini, M., Gimbert, F., Korkolis, E., Rousseau, R., Bellot, H., and Recking, A.: What are the key elements that control the seismic signature of highly concentrated sediment flows?, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8480, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8480, 2022.

Woody debris dams/leaky dams are an increasingly popular Natural Flood Management (NFM) measure in low order tributaries, with preliminary evidence suggesting that they are effective in attenuating flood peaks and reducing flood risk. However, the stability of these dams is not widely monitored, and thus there is a poor evidence base for best design practice with respect to the long-term integrity of such features. This is particularly pertinent given the threat posed to downstream infrastructure by woody debris carried in floodwaters after potentially catastrophic dam failure. There is also a lack of research into how effective dams of different designs are at holding back large wood and sediment transported by the flow and reducing the impact of flood debris on downstream infrastructure, including bridges, culverts etc. In the SENSUM project (Smart SENSing of landscapes Undergoing hazardous hydrogeomorphic Movement, https://sensum.ac.uk), we are developing and applying innovative sensor technology to assess the stability of different woody debris dam designs and build an evidence base to inform policy on this NFM practice locally and nationally. We also use these sensors to track woody debris and assess how effective dams are at trapping and retaining large wood debris and cobble-sized sediment. This paper addresses these questions at several field sites across the UK and in laboratory experiments to report quantitative data which evaluate the literal success/failure of NFM interventions and how these may impact the future design of such approaches.

How to cite: Egedusevic, M., Bennett, G., Roskilly, K., Sgarabotto, A., Manzella, I., Raby, A., Boulton, S. J., Clark, M., Curtis, R., Panici, D., and Brazier, R. E.: Monitoring the stability of leaky dams and their influence on debris transport with innovative sensor technology on the SENSUM project, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8642, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8642, 2022.

The use of Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) in geomorphological studies has exploded during the last decade. Scientists are deploying IMUs in a range of settings: from single grain flume experiments to full scale landslide motions and from capturing rock falls to measuring flows in glacial environments.

The vast majority of these experiments deploy sensing units that are partly customised for each application. However, there are limits to the level of IMU customisation geomorphologists can do as they rarely have access to bottom-up sensor assembly and production lines. Commercial IMUs and IMU components are built and calibrated for very different uses than the monitoring of dynamic sediment transport regimes, such as integration into electronic devices, wearables or Internet of Things applications.

Deploying commercial IMUs outside their nominal operational range has two main implications, the first being methodological. As the sensor is partly a "black box", we are obliged to do extensive testing in a trial-and-error manner and think deeply about the underlying physics of IMUs. If such difficulties are not acknowledged the results become difficult to interpret in the context of sediment movement.

The second implication concerns standardisation. The more our community uses commercial sensors and analytical tools, the more apparent becomes the need for open-source pre-processing and processing workflows that are fully validated and universally available to ensure comparability of published results.

This presentation aspires to contribute to this open debate about IMU sensors in geomorphology. The focus will be on the sensing requirements for grain motion detection, force capture and tracking by IMUs in the context of sediment transport. The presented calculations will use results published before the emergence of IMUs in geomorphology for a range of environments (fluvial, coastal, aeolian and glacial).

The above requirements capture will be accompanied by a meta-analysis of published IMU data in geomorphic applications which will be classified according to the exact type of sensor (accelerometer, full IMU, GPS (or equivalent)-aided IMU) and the sensors' specs (mainly sensing range and frequency).

Finally, this presentation will explore the case study of using a commercially available IMU for the capture of fluvial sediment interactions. The deployed IMU will be subjected to a series of simple physical experiments (e.g., drop tests) and then deployed to a flume setting designed to model grain-grain and grain-substrate collisions. The novelty here is the use of an independent very high-speed camera (1μs exposure frame rate) to monitor the sensor during calibration, which allows for the coherent propagation of uncertainty for all the experiments. All the results are presented within a processing workflow based on free, open-source R libraries.

How to cite: Gadd, C. and Maniatis, G.: Smart-pebbles in sediment transport studies: state of the art, future directions, and unsolved problems., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8757, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8757, 2022.

Instrumented “smartrock” tracer clasts hold the potential to quantify unique and useful sediment transport statistics from the point of view of each grain--a Lagrangian reference frame.  In this presentation we synthesize lessons learned based on two successful smartrock field deployments in natural mountain rivers during snowmelt floods. Our sensors contain accelerometers, data loggers and batteries.  We have primarily used smartrock data to simply measure the exact timing of grain rests and motions, although future analyses and additional sensors could be used to measure many more aspects of transport.  In addition to methodological suggestions and challenges, we show how smartrock data can be used to measure (a) rest and hop time scaling over a range of timescales, and (b) changes in thresholds of motion through time as a function of discharge.  In data from Halfmoon Creek, Colorado, USA, and Reynolds Creek, Idaho, USA, rest duration scaling is heavy-tailed and varies systematically with both timescale and shear stress.  The shear stress dependence suggests that bedload clast dispersal becomes less superdiffusive as flood size becomes larger. We identify several likely diffusion regimes, and hypothesize how timescales of flow variability from turbulence to daily discharge cyclicity may cause scaling breaks over minutes to hours.  In addition, thresholds of motion tend to increase with cumulative flow (reducing transport rates over time), but also decrease with increases in discharge (increasing transport rates until grains restabilize at the higher flow). The threshold data are used to calibrate and partially validate a new model for discharge-dependent threshold evolution. Finally, we brainstorm ways in which smartrocks could be used to explore sediment transport questions in other Earth surface environments.

How to cite: Johnson, J., Pretzlav, K., Olinde, L., Bradley, D. N., and Masteller, C.: Rocks and Rivers that Remember:  Using Smartrocks To Constrain Bedload Transport Statistics and Evolving Thresholds of Motion in Natural Mountain Rivers, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-9016, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-9016, 2022.

Today, erosion is increasing in many intensively used agricultural regions with fertile soils. At the same time, scientists expect that the intensity of heavy precipitation events, their erosivity, drought intensity and persistance will increase significantly through climate change. In combination with more strict regulations to protect the natural environment from nutrients and hazardous substances (such as herbicides and micro-plastics), it is challenging to balance the interests of food (and energy) production and environmental protection.

Therefore, we design and establish a worldwide unique measurement plot at the Bavarian Agricultural Institute (LfL) to assess different combinations of four- and six-year crop rotation schemes and machining methods concerning their long-term soil fertility, stability and resilience against climate change effects and environmental impacts, focusing on compound effects. The plot to measure and compare soil-water retention, nutrient fluxes, surface runoff, and erosion masses has an area of four acres and 14 parallel crop strips. Crop cultivation, experiments and measurements with and without artificial rain will be performed for more than ten years after a three-year set-up phase, will have a 4D (3D spatial plus temporal) high-resolution design and combine established and innovative measurement and management techniques, such as artificial intelligence, neural networks, deep learning, and robotics. Finally, up-to-date process-based hydrological modelling will incorporate the measurement data to increase our process understanding and enable upscaling to catchment scales.

This contribution to EGU 2022 will inform and include the scientific community during the set-up phase about the running and planned activities to build an international scientific network, discuss our approaches, efficiently use the existing scientific knowledge, and initiate future collaborations around the measurement financed by the German federal state of Bavaria.

How to cite: Ebertseder, F., Mitterer, J., and Disse, M.: Moving the frontier of comparative erosion measurements under different agricultural schemes – Development of a long-term, high-resolution, 4D erosion measurement site of the Bavarian Agricultural Institute in Lower Bavaria (Germany), EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-9500, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-9500, 2022.

Understanding sediment transport dynamics is key to understanding landscape evolution, and has important implications for engineering projects, aquatic ecosystem dynamics, and transmission of water-borne diseases. Multiple elevated temperature infra-red stimulated luminescence (MET-IRSL) has great potential to provide detailed information on the transport of sediments using infra-red light to stimulate the luminescence signal of feldspars. MET-IRSL uses a series of elevated temperature stimulations to access multiple signals with different characteristic rates of signal reduction by light exposure (bleaching), for example, during grain transport. During deposition and storage, trapped charge accumulates, leading to growth of the different IRSL signals, until the grain is again subject to transport. Applied in this manner, MET-IRSL measurements can constrain past sediment burial and exposure histories.

MET-IRSL measurements of different grain and clast sizes (e.g. silt, sand, pebbles and cobbles) can provide a range of sediment transport information, providing further constraint to sediment dynamics and system behaviour. Different clast size groups are associated with varied ways to structure the MET-IRSL measurements, e.g. depth bleaching profiles observed within pebbles and cobbles. In this presentation we demonstrate the potential of combining these approaches, and of constructing time-space equivalence models for real world situations, including the site of Allt Dubhaig, Perthshire, Scotland.

How to cite: Spano, T. M. C., Rhodes, E. J., and Hodge, R. A.: Tracing sediment movement using Infra-Red Stimulated Luminescence, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-9698, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-9698, 2022.

Events such as landslides, rockslides, debris flows, and flash floods can have destructive and possibly fatal outcomes. In these events, boulders and cobbles are carried downstream under the action of gravity and the study of their transport and movement can give important insight on the dynamics and hazards related to these processes. Recently, boulder motion has been investigated by the use of smart sensors in geomorphology applications both in lab and field experiments. Smart sensors are small and light-weighted devices that are able to collect different environmental data with low battery consumption communicating to a server through a wireless connection. However, the reliability of smart sensors still needs to be evaluated for monitoring purposes and for developing early warning systems.

In the present study, dedicated laboratory experiments were designed to assess the ability of the sensors to detect movements and distinguish between intensity and type of movement (e.g. sliding or rolling) within a well-constrained setting. For this purpose, a tag equipped with an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and a magnetometer sensor has been installed inside a cobble of 10.0 cm diameter within a borehole of 4.0 cm diameter, closed hermetically before each experiment. The experiments consisted in letting the cobble fall on an experimental table composed of an inclined plane of 1.5 m, followed by a horizontal one of 2.0 m. The inclined plane can be tilted at different angles (18˚- 55˚) and different types of movement have been generated by letting the cobble roll, bounce, or slide. Sliding was generated by embedding the cobble within a layer of sand. The position of the cobble travelling down the slope was derived from camera videos by a tracking algorithm developed within the study.

Raw sensor data allowed detection of movement and separation of two modes of movement, namely rolling and sliding. Furthermore, raw datasets approximated the magnitude of movement even without any calibration. On the other hand, by coupling smart-sensor measurements and camera-based positions, it was possible to develop a filter to derive reliable values for the position, orientation, velocity, and acceleration to fully represent cobble motions. These findings show how the raw data can provide information about the type and an indication of the magnitude of movement, and confirm the potential to use these sensors to improve early warning systems, although further studies are in progress to assess response time in a field setting. At the same time, the development of a filter that gives more precise and reliable data from the sensors enables assessment of the rotational and linear acceleration of the tracked element. If used in more sophisticated lab and field experiments, this has the potential to give new insights on the behaviour of cobbles within different types of processes and can shed new light on the dynamics of complex hazardous flows.

How to cite: Sgarabotto, A., Manzella, I., Roskilly, K., Luo, C., Clark, M., Franco, A. M. A., Bennett, G. L., and Raby, A.: Investigating boulder motions with smart sensors in lab experiments, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10198, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10198, 2022.

An increase in storminess under climate change and population pressure are resulting in an increase in landslide and flood events, in the UK and globally, and threatening the defences put in place to mitigate these hazards. Monitoring of unstable hillslopes and flood-prone rivers as well as structures designed to protect these is vital. Furthermore, as landslides and floods are both triggered by heavy rainfall, often occurring simultaneously, and may interact to generate cascading hazards, we need integrated approaches for their management.

A key objective of the SENSUM project (Smart SENSing of landscapes Undergoing hazardous hydrogeomorphic Movement, https://sensum.ac.uk) is to develop a smart sensor to be embedded within boulder and wood debris in landslide and flood prone sites to detect and track hazardous movement. These low-power, low-cost devices communicate this in near real time via Internet of Things networks. Several wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been installed on landslides and in flood-prone rivers around the UK, involving insertion of devices into debris, installation of long-range wireless network gateways, and camera installation for validation of movements. The developed system architecture also permits straightforward integration of additional third-party sensors and open data. We aim to build a dataset with which hazardous movement can be detected using machine learning and communicated in near real time via alerts and web services to relevant stakeholders. This effort will be complemented by laboratory experiments.

How to cite: Roskilly, K., Bennett, G., Curtis, R., Egedusevic, M., Jones, J., Whitworth, M., Dini, B., Luo, C., Manzella, I., and Franco, A.: SENSUM project, Smart SENSing of landscapes Undergoing hazardous hydrogeomorphic Movement, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10289, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10289, 2022.

Previous experiments on the restoration of sediment cover in semi-alluvial channels with irregular boundaries have shown that coarse size fractions of the bedload are dispersed faster over a bare bed than the finer fractions, and that the coarse fraction helps to build a set of skeleton bars that are later covered by finer sediment. Unsteady flow experiments in the same channel confirmed these trends over a bed of mobile sediment and further indicate strong spatial gradients in bedload transport and deposition. Despite these advances, a methodological gap remains in the tracking of bedload sediment during the experiments. In this study we advance a tracking technique for obtaining vectors of particle displacements during unsteady flow experiments. Methods involve painting the coarsest three sediment fractions with different colours of fluorescent paint and illuminating a region of interest within the flume with ultraviolet lights (wavelength 400-410 nm) during the experiment, which results in the painted gravel appearing in bright neon colors while the water remains transparent and dark (i.e. the ‘Disco’). We use a Panasonic BGH1 camera recording at 60 fps and a resolution of 1080 x 1920 pixels to film a region of interest in the channel roughly 0.25 m wide 1.0 m long.  With this technique we are able to identify the displacements of the two coarsest size fractions. For the third size fraction the tracers were too numerous and too small to be tracked with confidence. Analysis of the videos occurred in three steps: 1) color segmentation to isolate the size class of interest, 2) application of TracTrac algorithm (Heyman, 2019) to identify particle paths, and 3) post-processing to reduce two types of error.  The errors are likely related to the irregular water surface, which can result in particles appearing to ‘vibrate’ in place when they are not moving, and also result in a continuous tracer path being broken into a series of shorter discontinuous paths.  Overall the technique appears to be useful for characterizing spatial variability at the threshold of motion and delimiting preferential transport pathways. Future improvements in resolution and tracer concentration should help to reduce the minimum size of tracer that can be tracked with confidence.

How to cite: Montakhab, F. A., Iun, M., and MacVicar, B.: Disco Gravel: Image-based bedload tracking in shallow water flume experiments, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10761, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10761, 2022.

Taiwan is located on the convergent boundary of the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate. Due to the active orogenic movement, the rock formations are fragmented and the weak joints are developed. In recent years, heavy rainfall accompanied with the occurrence of river surges carry a large amount of broken sand and gravel to the downstream. The accumulation of a large amount of sand and gravel in the river may threaten the safety along the river bank, such as channel diversion and flooding. Therefore, the river channel needs to be dredged regularly to reduce the risk to the residents and properties. Because the dredging area is scattered and difficult to reach, on-site measurement has become a time-consuming and labor-intensive method. With the improvement of satellite technology, it is feasible to use efficient remote sensing technology to generate point clouds and a surface elevation model (DSM) for monitoring purposes. However, several problems still exist in this technology, including the scatteredness of control points and feature points, instability of the platform, varying imaging conditions, and time differences in the matching process. To solve the DSM errors caused by these problems, this study uses 3-D point cloud registration method to align the horizontal and vertical directions and tries to reduce elevation system error due to the failure of co-registration. First, feature description, extraction, and feature matching are performed. Second, the iterative closest point algorithm (ICP) is used to closely match two sets of point clouds after coarse alignment. Finally, elevation difference between two dets of DSM is verified with ground measurement data and the accuracy of the point cloud registration is assessed. We use a dredging area in Laonong River, Taiwan, as an example to monitor gravel volume change in river channel by high resolution Pléiades images and UAV in different time periods. Our preliminary results show that the spaceborne technology could achieve submeter level accuracy in monitoring height changes in each transect.

How to cite: Lin, L.-S. and Tseng, K.-H.: Monitoring Gravel Volume Change by Very High Resolution Satellite Image Stereopairs, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-11367, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11367, 2022.

Flushing is considered as a cost-effective technique for mitigating sediments and constraining environmental problems in sewer systems. Previous mathematical models are almost exclusively based upon simplified governing equations and weak sediment transport assumptions, of which the applicability remains to be theoretically justified. Here a fully coupled one-dimensional model is presented for non-uniform sediment transport in sewer systems, as adapted from recently established shallow water hydro-sediment-morphodynamic models for fluvial processes. The present model is tested for an experimental flushing case in the Des Coteaux catchment system of Paris city. The computational results are compared with measured data, and satisfactory agreements are acquired. It is revealed that the adaptation of bedload sediments to capacity regime can be fulfilled quickly, while the adaptation of suspended sediment transport to capacity regime requires a relatively long time and space, thereby underpinning and warranting the non-capacity modelling paradigm for sewer systems.

How to cite: Liu, J., Cao, Z., and Li, X.: Fully coupled modelling of non-uniform sediment transport in sewer systems, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-1415, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1415, 2022.

Fluvial flow with high sediment load may plunge into the reservoir to form turbidity current, which may feature strong interaction with inflow from a tributary. However, to date, the understanding of confluent flow structure with high sediment load has remained poor. Here, a computational fluid dynamic software, Flow-3D, is applied to resolve such flows for a series of cases at laboratory-scale by solving unsteady, 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes and sediment transport equations, based on finite difference method with structured meshes. The 3D results are compared with those due to a recently established 2D double layer-averaged shallow water hydro-sediment-morphodynamic model. One distinctive flow structure pattern is generated at the confluence with the intrusion of reservoir turbidity current from the main channel into the tributary. Apparent bed aggradation occurs inside the tributary mouth after a long-term hydro-sediment-morphodynamic process. The present finding has a more profound influence on sediment transport and morphological evolution at a reservoir–tributary confluence with high sediment load.

How to cite: Zhang, J., Sun, Y., Cao, Z., and Li, J.: Flow structure at reservoir-tributary confluence with high sediment load, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-1419, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1419, 2022.

Extreme rainfall may generate flash floods, which may overtop the flood defences (e.g., dam, dike, and levees) and subsequently lead to structure failure, threatening the safety of the downstream population and properties. This work presents a new two-layer modelling approach to simulate surface water flooding and the subsequent dam/dike breach process caused by overtopping. The new modelling framework simulates the surface water flooding process in the upper layer using a high-resolution hydrodynamic model that also considers sediment transport and morphodynamic change. A cell-based infinite slope model is implemented to identify unstable slope/soil and estimate the sliding depth for the lower layer. And a cellular automaton method based on diffusion-wave assumption is further developed to simulate the dynamics of the resulting bed granular movement. The momentum and bed elevation source terms of the hydrodynamic governing equations (the flood layer) and the soil depth of debris flow (the granular layer) are simultaneously calculated in a fully coupled way. This results in a fully coupled flooding induced breach chain model. The proposed model is validated against experimental and real-world tests with different breach types. And the sensitivities of calibrated parameters and mesh sizes are discussed in detail. The results indicate that the proposed model can simultaneously simulate overtopping flooding and the associated slope failure and breach processes.

How to cite: Zhao, J., Hou, J., Özgen Xian, I., Wang, T., and Hinkelmann, R.: An integrated two-layer model for simulating shallow flow, sediment transport and overtopping-induced breach processes, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-1463, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1463, 2022.

Cutoff occurrence is a pivotal process of the forward long-term evolution of meandering river. Here a neck cutoff occurred unexpectedly in a highly sinuous bend of a meandering river in the Zoige basin on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in July 2018. Nonetheless, for protecting the grassland inside this bend, subsequently two artificial embankments reversed this neck cutoff (backward evolution) in 2018-2019 and strongly affected three-dimensional flow structure according to field surveys using an unmanned aerial vehicle and acoustic Doppler Current Profiler from 2018 to 2021. This rare case for inhibiting natural cutoff remains an unknown geomorphic process, and furthermore the inverse impact of human intervention on an occurred cutoff is still unclear. The artificial earth embankment was breached in the 2019 flood season and left the broken debris at both ends. Soon afterwards the second rockfill embankment was built in the late 2019 to force the flow back to the original bend so far. Some main results are summarized: (i) Flow structure in the new cutoff channel was intensely adjusted in combination with locally increased channel slope by the cutoff and the first earth embankment built in 2019. Conversely, flow velocity and circulation in the upstream straight reach was less affected by neck cutoff and artificial embankments, while the flow velocity in the bend section was obviously adjusted after neck cutoff and two embankments built. The lateral distribution of the maximum velocity and circulation intensity at the apex of the bend are altered. (ii) After the cutoff occurred, the separate zone shifted to the erosion side of the new cutoff channel in 0.3 times channel width in 2019. At the cross-section of the apex, the clockwise circulation was generated with the maximum streamwise velocity close to the outer bank. The maximum streamwise velocity moved to 0.2 times channel width. (iii) The artificial embankment is a driving factor to generate the strong alteration on the bend completeness and hydrodynamic adjustment along the course in this unique case. It is of great importance on understanding the inverse process for implementing engineering measures to restore the original sinuous flow path and sustain an intact meander landscape after a cutoff occurred. Given that the intervention of reversing neck cutoff is a mandatory task required by local people, it is a better choice to wait 2-3 years until the cutoff channel reaching the quasi-equilibrium state.

How to cite: Li, Z., Gao, P., and Chen, B.: Impact of embankments for reversing neck cutoff on flow structure in a Zoige meandering river, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-1685, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1685, 2022.

Slope erosion is the main source of soil erosion. Simulated slope erosion sediment yield and its development process have great significance for quantitative erosion evaluation at the spatiotemporal scale. In this study, a loess slope erosion experiment was implemented indoors to establish a sediment carrying capacity formula suitable for loess slope erosion. A two-dimensional slope erosion numerical model was developed based on the developed sediment carrying capacity formula, and the model was verified by a simulated indoor slope rainfall erosion experiment. The results showed that the corrected slope sediment transport capacity formula is suitable for loess slopes, which have a higher prediction precision. The developed erosion numerical model simulation was verified by simulated rainfall slope erosion experiments. Regarding the evaluation metrics for slope simulation accuracy, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) values were 0.83 for the runoff rate and 0.66 for the sediment concentration, R² values were 0.89 for the runoff rate and 0.73 for the sediment concentration, and the relative bias (RB) values were -5.02% for the runoff rate and -1.02% for the sediment concentration. The spatial contribution rate of slope erosion was analysed based on the simulation results, and the most severely eroded areas were the middle and lower parts of the slope. The erosion contribution rate reached 69.59% on the 1-4 m area of the slope. The research results can further improve loessal slope erosion process simulation and prediction.

How to cite: Wang, T., Hou, J., Tong, Y., Zhao, J., and Wang, F.: A novel two-dimensional numerical model developed for slope soil erosion, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-1885, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1885, 2022.

Given that fluvial flows carrying relatively coarse sediments involve strong interactions between the water and the sediment phases, two-phase shallow water hydro-sedi-morphodynamic models have been developed (Li et al. 2019, Advances in Water Resources, 129(JUL.), 338-353; Lyu et al. 2021: EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-4258). Here we report improvements over the model by Lyu et al. (2021), which lead to considerably improved numerical accuracies. Specifically, using finite volume method (FVM) to solve the governing equations on unstructured grids, the Harten-Lax-van Leer-Contact (HLLC) Riemann solver is proposed to estimate the inter-cell numerical flux for the flow phase and the sediment phases separately, in contrast to previous two-phase flow models using centered schemes. The improved numerical accuracy is demonstrated by numerically revisiting a series of experimental scenarios including refilling of a dredged trench, and a full dam-break flow in an abruptly widening channel.

How to cite: Hu, P., Lyu, B., Li, J., Liu, Q., Li, Y., and Cao, Z.: A new two-phase shallow water hydro-sedi-morphodynamic model with the HLLC solver for inter-grid numerical flux estimation, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-1951, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1951, 2022.

Previous studies for numerical representation of aquatic vegetation based on the isotropic porosity shallow water models can not only consider the effects of vegetation resistance and spatial occupation in physics, but also improve the computational efficiency in large-scale modelling. This type of models provides a promising tool to numerically study the vegetated flow and the corresponding sediment transport in practice. However, the characteristics of preferential flow among complex vegetation distributions which are often observed in nature cannot be well captured due to the isotropic assumption. Thus, we make an improvement by introducing the anisotropic porosity method in the shallow water model. Unlike the isotropic porosity method which uses only one porosity parameter to describe the vegetation spatial occupation, the anisotropic porosity method defines a cell-based porosity for volumetric occupation and an edge-based porosity for flux exchange to capture the flow heterogeneity in space. Under the framework of finite volume method, the model is solved explicitly with a hybrid LTS/GMaTS method and the Open MP techniques for fast modelling. The well-balanced property and accuracy of the developed model have been tested by a series of flume experiments with different vegetation distributions over fixed or mobile beds. In general, both velocity and deposition patterns are well reproduced. It shows that a constant vegetation drag coefficient can lead to numerical solutions of comparable accuracy as those complex empirical relations in the anisotropic porosity modelling. In addition, the stem-scale turbulence could be a critical factor affecting the sediment transport inside and around vegetation patches and its appropriate quantification in the shallow water modelling deserves further research.

How to cite: Li, W., Liu, B., and Hu, P.: 2-D fully coupled morphodynamic modelling in vegetated environments based on the anisotropic porosity method, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2194, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2194, 2022.

How to cite: Vulliet, M., Lajeunesse, E., and Neufeld, J. A.: Erosional dynamics of a river driven by groundwater seepage, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3043, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3043, 2022.

Dike breaching is the main component of flood defending system. To temporally enhance the capacity of the river, small levees will be build on the dike crown to increase the elevation of the dike crest. Also, the dike top usually be paved with concrete as transportation road. Under these two condition, break mechanism are different from those without complex measures on the crown, which has not been investigated yet. Large-scale experiment has been carried to investigate the breaching mechanism. Results show that with small levees, the flow forms a little fall at the downstream edge of the levee top and a much larger fall on the downstream face of the dike. The “headcut” backward retreat is the main breaching mechanism in the early stage of breaching. During the rapid development stage of breaching, the vertical erosion, lateral erosion and gravity collapse are the breaching mechanism. The existence of the external small levee protected the top of the dike from erosion for a long time, which largely delayed the breaching processes. As the top was paved, the breaching processes likes that of dike with small levees. Two falls forms at the edge of the road and at the downstream face respectively. When the backward retreat of “headcut” at the downstream face of the dike reaches the base of the dike, the underneath soil is washed away and lead to concrete of the road collapse. Once the road is collapsed completely, two falls merged into one, thereafter the breaching processes likes dikes without complex measures on the crown. The paved road also delayed the breaching processes. This study can provide scientific support to dike breaching emergency management.

How to cite: Huang, W., Shi, D., Wei, H., Ni, Y., and Duan, W.: Large-scale experiment on dike breaching with complex measures on the crown, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3387, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3387, 2022.

The well-known Shields diagram is developed for unvegetated open channel flows to describe incipient sediment motion by means of critical bed shear stress. Due to difficulties in estimating the bed shear stress in vegetated flows, it is not clear whether the Shields diagram is applicable in the presence of vegetation. By applying the phenomenological theory of turbulence, a new method to evaluate the bed shear stress in vegetated flows is proposed in this study. With this method, the critical bed shear stress subject to vegetated flows is calculated using the published data. The result shows that the calculated critical shear stresses are consistent with the Shields diagram.

How to cite: Lu, Y., Cheng, N.-S., and Wei, M.: Application of the Shields diagram for evaluating critical shear stress for vegetated flows, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3607, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3607, 2022.

Abstract: Many rivers worldwide have suffered great degradation after large reservoirs construction. By investigating the Yichang-Chenglingji reach downstream of the Three Gorges Dam, we identified and analyzed the erosion centers (sub-reach with most severe erosion intensity) which migrated downstream along the river with the rate of 7.5 km/yr. To simulate the phenomenon and study the factors influencing the migration rate of erosion centers, a one-dimensional river morphodynamic model is implemented using field data (including water and sediment regimes and grain size of bed material) of Yichang-Chenglingji reach based on the active layer theory. We set three values for the thickness of active layer and designed four groups of grain size distribution of the sub-layer based on the drill data and the grain size distribution of bed surface material at Yichang station. The simulation results show that the main cause of the erosion centers is bed armoring. A high-speed bed armoring process is instrumental in the formation and migration of erosion centers, as the armoring of bed surface inhibits the further degradation in the upper reach. The thinner the active layer and the coarser the sub-layer, the faster the process of bed armoring. Under the condition that the thickness of the active layer is 1.5m and the sediment of sub-layer is the field data of bed surface material at Yichang station in 2020, the migration rate (13km/yr.) of erosion centers in simulation results are most in agreement with the actual erosion centers. Our results may deepen the understanding of the river evolution after the abrupt sediment reduction.

Key words: Three Gorges Dam; Yichang-Chenglingji Reach; Morphological evolution; Erosion centers; Spatial clustering; Numerical model

How to cite: Wang, H., Zheng, S., and An, C.: Morphodynamic model of the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach: migration of erosion centers downstream of the Three Gorges Dam, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4162, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4162, 2022.

The events of barrier lake outburst have been frequently reported under the impacts of earthquakes, climate change and human activities, which usually brought tremendous disaster to the downstream regions. Dredging a channel is one of the main measures to deal with the barrier lake risk. However, the effects of the channel geometry on the outburst have been unclear. Therefore, we conducted a series of large-scale field experiments on the barrier lake outburst responding to different geometry profiles of dredged channels. Results show that the barrier lake outburst with dredged channel has four development stages, i.e., erosion alongside the dredged channel, backward headcut erosion, rapid development and weak development. For all cases in this work, the peak stage in the reservoir appears earlier than the peak discharge. The rates of the enlargement of the dredged channel are similar among all the cases, while the start time of the enlargement and the final width of the breach are different. Digging of a small notch advances the enlargement of the breach.

How to cite: Ni, Y., Huang, W., and Duan, W.: The effects of dredged channel geometry on the barrier lake outburst, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4258, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4258, 2022.

How to cite: Popovic, P., Devauchelle, O., Abramian, A., and Lajeunesse, E.: Sediment load determines the shape of rivers, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4448, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4448, 2022.

Experiments conducted in the hydraulic flume provide a controlled flow environment, which often provides means for prompt qualitative investigation of general flow structure. Under the R3PEAT project (www.grad.hr/r3peat), research focus is on the scour at bridge piers protected by the riprap sloping structure – investigated using both physical and 3D numerical model. Experimental data, while constrained by the flume dimensions and the pump capacity, measured with high frequency Vectrino Profiler’s provide detailed insight into turbulence around the structure. Experimental models are set-up as segments of the river extruded from the bathymetric and hydraulic surveys, corresponding to the flume size and selected scaling. Based on the experimental data, 3D numerical model will be calibrated in order to investigate flow conditions for the relevant floods with design return period, exceeding the flume capacity. Physical model therefore must reliably present the prototype bridge, through resulting flow field in the pier vicinity. This paper presents verification of the physical model using field ADCP measurements. ADCP velocities are compared to experimental data on the 4 cross-sections adjacent to the bridge, adapted to the relative flume streamwise orientation. Advantages and disadvantages of the physical model usage as benchmark for numerical model setup are discussed.

Acknowledgments
This work has been supported in part by Croatian Science Foundation under the project R3PEAT (UIP-2019-04-4046).

How to cite: Gilja, G., Fliszar, R., Harasti, A., and Adžaga, N.: Verification of the pier scour development in the experimental environment, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4631, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4631, 2022.

Storms often cause serious rainfall runoff in mountain river areas, which results large amounts of sediment form upstream hills to downstream channels, leading to a reconstruction of the riverbed and finally water and sediment disasters. High concentration sediment transport may exist during flash floods, and performs unsteady supply process in channels. Based on laboratory experiments, this paper analyzed the responses of riverbed elevation and water level to unsteady sediment supply. The unsteady sediment supply is described as a single triangular sediment process. The sediment supply rate of all tests is greater than the sediment transport capacity of the flow. Results show that the riverbed deposits and water level rises continuously during sediment supply, while the flow depth decreases correspondingly. The greater the rate of sediment supply, the faster the rising of riverbed elevation and water level. After the sediment supply ended, the deposited bed degraded and the rising water level decreased. Compared with the constant sediment supply, the riverbed elevation and water level under unsteady sediment supply rise greatly. In addition, it is found that the flow discharge with saturated sediment supply is much less than that without sediment supply in the same water level. Because the concentration sediment transport increases the flow resistance and then makes the water level sharply rise. The study highlighted the important effects of the unsteady sediment supply on bed morphology and water level surge in water and sediment disasters, and enhanced the understanding of the mechanism caused by the sharply rise of water level in flash floods.

How to cite: Zhou, Q., Wang, L., Liu, X., and Nie, R.: Experimental study on sediment deposition and water level surge under unsteady sediment supply, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4702, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4702, 2022.

Rock weirs are river restoration structures used for grade control, raising upstream water level and restoring river habitat. This paper presents an experimental study of local scour at rocks weirs under live-bed scour condition. The effects of approaching bedform, flow intensity, weir height and void ratio on the scour depth at rock weirs are analyzed and discussed. Under clear-water scour condition, scour occurs only at the downstream of rock weirs; the equilibrium scour depth increases with increased flow intensity and weir height, but decreases with increased void ratio. Under live-bed scour condition, scour occurs both upstream and downstream of rock weirs. The equilibrium upstream scour depth increases first and then decreases with increased flow intensity, decreases with increased weir height, and has a complex relationship with increased void ratio. The equilibrium downstream scour depth decreases first and then increases with flow intensity, increases with increased weir height, and decreases with increased void ratio.

How to cite: Zhang, W., Wang, L., Liu, X., and Nie, R.: Impacts of approach bedforms on live-bed scour at rock weirs, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4883, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4883, 2022.

In the process of sediment exchange from one region of the water column to another, morphological development occurs, as does the transmission of varying sediment concentrations and flow momentum along the stream. Herein, a one-dimensional hydro-morphodynamic model is proposed for simulating water flow over a rolling bed of non-cohesive materials to understand better how water flows. Flow hydrodynamics, sediment movement, and bed growth are all considered in this simulation. The governing equations were solved using first-order accurate Harten Lax-van Leer solvers, and the fluxes at cell sides were determined using a finite volume technique based on a structured rectangular mesh. Adding geometry and bed topography to the equations in both the x and y axes may be used to convert a onedimensional model to a two-dimensional model, which is a common approach to transforming one-dimensional models into two-dimensional models. Experimental measurements are also utilized to test and assess the integrated model.

How to cite: Alhusban, Z., Valyrakis, M., and Farhadi, H.: Simulating water flow over a rolling bed of non-cohesive materials by using a Hydromorphodynamic model., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6105, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6105, 2022.

Scouring around bridge piers is considered to be a significant process in rivers because it can alter bridge loading and consequently its stability. Riprap is often deployed as scour countermeasure, and while it does protect the pier from local scouring, it doesn’t completely solve the scouring problem because it deflects the scour hole downstream of the bridge. Riprap is flexible, and flood events can induce five significant failure mechanisms - shear, edge and winnowing failure under clear-water conditions and bedform-induced and bed-degradation-induced failure under live-bed conditions. On the other hand, the thick riprap layer can withstand a partial failure of the layer with the capability of armouring the scour hole. This paper investigates the mechanisms of riprap partial collapsing and its effects on the development of a downstream scour hole. Experiments were conducted on the physical model of scouring around bridge piers protected with riprap built in the Department of Hydroscience and Engineering laboratory under the University of Zagreb. Experimental setup included different pier shapes (rectangular and circular piers) in order to examine the influence of the pier as well as the influence of riprap geometry in different flow conditions.

Acknowledgments

This work has been supported in part by Croatian Science Foundation under the project R3PEAT (UIP-2019-04-4046).

How to cite: Fliszar, R. and Gilja, G.: Evaluation of riprap failure impact on the downstream scour hole, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6355, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6355, 2022.

Since Xiaolangdi Reservoir began to retained sediment in 1999, the Lower Yellow River (LYR) has deepened and widened continuously. The bankfull discharge has increased obviously, and the average depth has increased 1.3m～3.3m. The incoming water was abundant in recent four years from 2018 to 2021, and the peak discharge in the four year were all greater than 4000m³/s. The maximum discharge of Xiaolangdi station has reached 5500m³/s, which is the largest one since 1996. The evolution of channel bar in wandering reach is always the focus in sediment-laden rivers, especially in erosion period. Therefore, to appraise the changes in wandering reach of LYR in the erosion period, this study presents a detailed investigation of the channel bar changes in recent typical floods form 2018 to 2021. We described the bar pattern formation and sensitivity in wandering reach of LYR. Furthermore, we analyzed the numbers and area of channel bars based on the remote sensing images. We convert the channel bar at the same level from the relationship between the area of channel bar and water level at low water period. The results show that the channel sinuosity has decreased from 1.25 to 1.22, while the radius of curvature has increased from 2.80 to 2.96km. The number and area of channel bar have increased slightly. This phenomenon was affected mainly by the operation of Xiaolangdi Reservoir. The clear water and few bankfull discharge in 21 years since 1999, the channel erosion efficiency has decreased in the first ten years. So the erosion in recent four years floods was fewer. And the changes of channel bar slightly in recent four years. But the channel bar and channel pattern evolution dramatically from 1999 to 2021. 

How to cite: Zhang, M.: Changes of channel bars in the wandering reach of the lower Yellow River from 2018 to 2021, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6898, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6898, 2022.

The estimation of baseflow is one of the essential tasks in water resources management and hydrologic research to assess the impacts of climate change and to describe and predict flood events based on the flood hydrograph characteristics (peak flow, duration and volume). Several methods have been developed to separate baseflow from direct flow, and in recent years they have been automated through the use of available R packages. In this work R programming language packages “EcoHydRology” and “lfstat” were used to separate baseflow from direct flow on the historical daily discharge time series of the several gauging stations on the two large lowland rivers in Croatia: the Sava River and the Drava River. The aim of this study is to determine the appropriate baseflow separation method for gauging stations on Sava River and Drava River in order to evaluate the baseflow separation method for future multivariate analysis of flood events under the R3PEAT project (www.grad.hr/r3peat) that explores pier scour development next to the bridges crossing large rivers in Croatia with installed scour countermeasures.

How to cite: Lacko, M., Potočki, K., and Gilja, G.: Determination of the appropriate baseflow separation method for gauging stations on the two lowland rivers in Croatia, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7110, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7110, 2022.

The downslope component of the gravitational force affects the threshold and direction of sediment transport along an arbitrarily sloped bed. It plays an important role for the shape and stability of river channels, and for the formation, evolution, and morphology of aeolian and fluvial bedforms. Here, we generalize an existing model of the threshold of nonsuspended sediment transport, which unifies aeolian and fluvial transport conditions using an analytical description of flow-driven periodic grain motion, to account for arbitrarily sloped beds. Without any readjustment of the model parameters, the generalized model captures the experimentally measured bed slope effect on the transport threshold much better than previously proposed models based on incipient grain motion, especially for large bed slopes in the direction transverse to the driving flow. This is mostly because drag resistance counteracts the transverse average motion of transported grains, which in the model has the same mathematical effect as a reduction of the transverse bed slope. For aeolian transport, the model predicts substantial gravity-induced transverse diffusion of saltating grains, neglected in previous studies, which may explain why aeolian barchan dunes generally tend to have a larger width than length.

How to cite: Chen, Y. and Pähtz, T.: Threshold of aeolian and fluvial nonsuspended sediment transport along arbitrarily sloped beds from an analytical model of periodic grain motion, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7196, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7196, 2022.

Predicting sediment transport near the threshold of mobility is a particular challenge in coastal environments, due in part to turbulence in the wake of bedforms and infrastructure but also due to variable grain size distributions and biological processes affecting mobility. Understanding the relevant processes and having the ability to accurately predict sediment transport in shallow shelf seas are currently of pivotal importance due to the prevalence of offshore wind infrastructure being built on mobile seabeds with mixtures of sediment grain sizes.  

Bridging the gap between the small-scale detail of sediment transport to large-scale modelling is a key challenge for the community. Using a set of novel observations of suspended sediment concentration (via a multifrequency acoustic backscatter system) and turbulence (via Nortek’s Aquadopp High Resolution Doppler Profiler) from a coastal site (~15 m depth) with sandy bed sediments, we revisit the threshold of motion from the perspective of Grass’ 1970’s work by investigating the overlaps of bed shear stress and initiation of motions for the bed sediments. A section of electricity cable was attached to the seabed instrument frame so that on ebb tides turbulent wakes and sediment suspensions from interactions with the cable and frame were measured, and on flood tides a clear boundary layer flow was measured.

We create a distribution of initiation of motions from bed sediment data, and from the ADCP data we calculate distributions of bed shear stresses using a temporal filter based on the large eddy turnover time. We investigate the overlap between the two distributions to assess the temporal mobility of the sediments, and discuss how estimating these distributions (and their overlap) can be an important way of improving our predictive capability of sediment transport beyond the usual median grain size and bed shear stress methods – especially important when there are turbulent wakes from bedforms and sea bed infrastructure.

How to cite: Unsworth, C., Austin, M., and Van Landeghem, K.: Using a natural laboratory to quantify sediment mobility in the turbulent wake of instrument frames and offshore infrastructure., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8006, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8006, 2022.

Various sectors of the built environment (BE) are threatened by deterioration processes that have an increasing trend due to ageing infrastructure, current extreme climatic conditions, increasing urban population, and limited financial resources [1]. Digitalization has the potential to transform the current processes of managing and sharing critical information that can enhance decision-making and, in the long term, enable efficient and sustainable BE. However, despite the recent technological advancements, BE, and particularly critical infrastructure systems are still managed following a traditional approach in both technological but also organizational, and institutional aspects. As a result, they do not take full advantage of the recent technological developments that can enable a more sophisticated approach that involves the incorporation of real-time data streams and the employment of advanced analytical methods for efficient management of resources and risks. To overcome this challenge, the utilization of technologies and advancements provided by Civil Infrastructure 4.0 (CI4.0) [2] accelerate the digitalization of the BE focusing on critical infrastructure systems.

This study focuses on providing an overview of the pillars for the next generation BE, which aims to enable an interconnected and collaborative ecosystem across cities, infrastructure, and societies. Various case studies are presented, including large residential regions, transportation networks across waterways, and buildings in which digitalization can play a pivotal role in providing instantly information to the BE stakeholders for enhanced decision-making. These are based on obtaining real-time data from the surrounding environment to assist in predicting the current and future states of BE. For example, obtained information derived from advanced microcontrollers measure the deteriorating performance of the ageing infrastructure systems over waterways and the flood levels in real-time. At the same time, datasets are incorporated into a high-performance machine hosted in cloud and deep-learning algorithms to predict the upcoming states of the infrastructure and climatic risk. In the case of an emergency state (e.g., river overflow, flash floods, or infrastructure disruption), the management system generates an alarm. At the same time, the models also predict infrastructure deterioration to inform critical stakeholders promptly to take action and adapt the societal functions accordingly. Digitalization is expected to enable a flourishing society and physical and natural environment across our cities and infrastructure, which play a significant role in the upcoming Society 5.0.

References

[1] Pytharouli, S., Michalis, P. and Raftopoulos, S. (2019). From Theory to Field Evidence: Observations on the Evolution of the Settlements of an Earthfill Dam, over Long Time Scales. Infrastructures 2019, 4, 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures4040065

[2] Michalis, P., Konstantinidis, F. and Valyrakis, M. (2019). The road towards Civil Infrastructure 4.0 for proactive asset management of critical infrastructure systems. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Natural Hazards & Infrastructure (ICONHIC), 23–26 June, Chania, Greece, pp. 1-9.

How to cite: Konstantinidis, F., Michalis, P., and Valyrakis, M.: Coupling physical and digital built environments for proactive asset management, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8428, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8428, 2022.

Aimed at the engineering problems of uncontrollable outburst flood process and large outburst flood peak in a high risk barrier lake, this paper successively adjusts the lateral and longitudinal spillway structure through an indoor physical model and then investigates the consequent outburst flood process differences between the trapezoidal spillway, the compound spillway and the vertical scarp spillway. The results show that the outburst flood process for all kinds of spillway can be successively divided into four typical stages, the initial stage, the retrospective stage, the swift failure development stage and the recovery stage. Compared to the relatively hysteretic initial stage in the trapezoidal spillway, the compound spillway can effectively accelerate the development of initial stage by decreasing down the overtopping elevation, thereby shortening the outburst flood process and cutting down the outburst flood peak by 17.0%. Moreover, the vertical scarp spillway can artificially make a vertical scarp to increase the local velocity at the retrospective stage and further accelerate the initial outburst process, thus significantly shortening the water storage time with upstream maximum water level greatly down. Correspondingly, the barrier body in the vertical scarp spillway would collapse slightly faster due to the excessively accelerated initial outburst process, but the maximum outburst flood peak can still be 11.4% lower than that of the trapezoidal spillway. These investigations can provide reasonable and abundant choices for the emergency disposal in the high risk barrier lake.

How to cite: zhou, Z. and cai, Y.: Influence of spillway structure upon the outburst flood process in a high risk barrier lake, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-9689, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-9689, 2022.

Oscillatory flows are commonly observed flow conditions in sloshing tanks or at the seabed/river mouths under the effect of gravity and seiche waves. In such environments, particles are exposed to bi-directional oscillation-caused forces. These particles are usually sediments in settling basins under earthquake conditions or deposits on seabed/river mouths.

Physical model tests investigated the hydrodynamic forces acting on a spherical particle. This step is followed by a computational fluid dynamic model (i.e., RANS model), which aims to resolve the pressure and force fluctuations around a rigidly attached spherical particle to the bottom.

The experiments were conducted in a sloshing tank with 28.5cm length, 14.5 cm in width, and 20 cm in depth. A step-type-computer-controlled motor triggered the body of water within the tank. The motion of the mobile component of the tank was measured using two independent devices, i.e., an accelerometer and an ultrasonic distance sensor. The utilization of these measurement devices enables verifying the records of the motion double. Six different cases were conducted to define the error band for each device. These calibration cases emerge as a combination of the “better step motor speed” and “maximum displacement”. The acceleration records constitute a basis as an input for the RANS-based numerical model. During the validation/calibration of the CFD model, video records of the water surface observed during the experiment and the CFD outputs were comparatively analyzed based on an image-processing technique.

Once it was ensured that the CFD model simulated the sloshing process within the tank with an acceptable accuracy, a spherical particle was fixed to the bottom as the second phase of this study. Various sloshing scenarios were performed better to understand the fluctuation of the pressure field around the sphere. Based on these simulations, the variation of drag coefficient around the spherical body which emerges under the oscillatory flow was calculated.

How to cite: Yagci, O., Aksel, M., Yorgun, F., and Valyrakis, M.: Analysis of oscillatory flow around a rigidly attached spherical particle to the bottom in a sloshing tank, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10068, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10068, 2022.

Air-water flow interfaces around and over most hydraulic structures are complex, yet of crucial importance for safeguarding society and the resilience of the built environment. In this context, the present research work reports a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology to accurately predict the complex air-water flow in a large-scale hydraulic test bench. It focuses on the potential of the volume of fluid (VOF) model to predict the free water surface evolution. The simulations were performed using the commercial software ANSYS Fluent 17.0, which utilized a three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations in the unsteady flow regime. The Standard k-ɛ turbulence model was used, and the finite volume method was considered. The numerical uncertainty was quantified by the grid convergence index (GCI) method. The numerical results were found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental data.

Keywords: CFD, Turbulent Flows, Air-water flows, Hydraulic test bench.

How to cite: Driss, Z., Rahal, K., Lajnef, M., Salah Abid, M., and Valyrakis, M.: Numerical simulation and experimental validation of the air-water flow in a Hydraulic Test Bench, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10116, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10116, 2022.

Since the early times of plastic production, the relative change increased approximately about 391,050%. It went from a cumulative production of 2 million tons in 1950 to 7.82 billion tons in 2015. Even though there are variable recycling methods at present, not all discarded plastic gets recycled. The vast majority of the waste plastic makes its way to the ocean through specific pathways, with one of the most dominant being transport via fluvial networks. Moreover, a relatively minimal amount of data is available on the transport of riverine plastic. Plastics found in rivers can accumulate, causing flow blockages and potentially affecting flow routing (intensifying flooding and other climate risks). They can also affect water quality and ecology, including biota that may ingest these through the leakage of chemicals. Out of the various types of plastic, buoyant macro plastic is a major polluter, and understanding its flow in rivers can help us reduce plastic pollution in the long run.

This study focuses on getting a better understanding of how floating plastics debris is transported in rivers with aquatic vegetation by undertaking well-controlled lab flume experiments. Specifically, the transport of floating plastic debris in a river system was studied through a series of flume experiments, using instream simulated vegetation. Vegetation patches of different densities were used to assess their effect on the flow field carrying buoyant plastics of variable sizes. The video camera is used to record the transport process of plastic along the flume until they impinge on the simulated vegetation patch. Obtained video files of the flume experiments are analyzed to assess the effect of vegetation density on the transport efficiency of the plastic. Preliminary results focus on using specific transport metrics, particle velocity before contact with the vegetated patch, focusing on the size of plastics being transported. Altered according to various flow conditions and river morphology, the results of this study will help engineers in the future to design and produce more resilient methods of vegetation patches and engineering structures in order to exploit the trapping effects of macro plastics.

How to cite: Raquib, R., Przyborowski, L., and Valyrakis, M.: Assessment of the transport capacity of floating plastics through fluvial systems, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10189, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10189, 2022.

The development and generation of scour holes around hydraulic infrastructures, such as bridge piers, can affect their stability and lead to their structural failure. Bridge scour is becoming increasingly challenging to tackle, especially under the context of climate change, increased urbanization pressures, and lack of adequate funding to inspect and maintain aging built infrastructure near water surface bodies [1,2]. As a result, many infrastructure failures are driven by the formation of scour holes due to strong enough turbulent flows. Traditionally, the research community has explored infrastructure scour by aiming to identify correlations between phenomenologically relevant parameters, such as the pier characteristics and the mean flow conditions around it. However, such bridge pier scour prediction models and relevant formulas are developed focusing on idealized lab experiments using bulk/averaged parameters. Thus, they may receive criticism due to their relatively limited generalization ability and their capacity to be validated with field data.

This study adopts a new paradigm assuming that it is rather meaningful to study scour as a dynamic process stemming from the interplay of the highly turbulent three-dimensional eddies stemming downstream of the pier with the granular material comprising the bed around it. Motivated by this observation and recent relevant research, the current study aims to shed more light on the role of impulse induced by the dynamics of flow energy acting on individual particles and setting them in motion [2], leading to the scour hole formation.

To the above goal, experimental tests are conducted in a water-recirculating flume with a depth of 50cm, a width of 90cm, and a length of 700cm. The generated scour hole developed past different cylindrical pier models is studied. Flow impulses are calculated from high resolution (200Hz) flow velocimetry data collected over a finely spaced grid downstream of the bridge pier model. This study is a first attempt to demonstrate the application of the impulse criterion towards predicting scour depth - as opposed to all past phenomenological models that employ bulk flow and pier parameters.

References

[1] Pandey, M., Valyrakis, M., Qi, M., Sharma, A., Lodhi, A.S. (2020). Experimental assessment and prediction of temporal scour depth around a spur dike, International Journal of Sediment Research, 36(1), pp.17-28, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsrc.2020.03.015.

[2] Khosronejad, A., Diplas, P., Angelidis, D., Zhang, Z., Heydari, N., Sotiropoulos, F. (2020). Scour depth prediction at the base of longitudinal walls: A combined experimental, numerical, and field study, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 20, pp.459–478, DOI: 10.1007/s10652-019-09704-x.

[3] Valyrakis, M., Diplas, P., Dancey, C.L. (2013). Entrainment of coarse particles in turbulent flows: An energy approach, Journal of Geophysical Research, 118(1), pp.42-53, DOI:10.1029/2012JF002354.

How to cite: Pandey, M., Xu, Y., Diplas, P., and Valyrakis, M.: Some observations on the prediction of bridge scour from first principles, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10252, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10252, 2022.

During extreme river-flow conditions induced by the continually worsening effects of climate change, the riverbed granular surface may get destabilized and can potentially be the cause of infrastructure failures [1]. Such conditions signify the start of the geomorphic change of the river's boundaries, affecting natural river habitat and the built infrastructure in its vicinity, especially near surface water bodies, costing billions of pounds per year globally. Given its importance, identifying the conditions leading to hydraulic infrastructure scour (i.e., scour around abutments and piers) has been a topic of intense focus for hydraulic researchers and engineering practitioners alike, especially over the last decades.

This research aims at studying the conditions leading to the start of hydraulic infrastructure scour by assessing the turbulent energy of flow structures leading to the destabilization of the bed surface around them. Specifically, a physical model of a cylindrical bridge pier is used in a flume to conduct lab experiments for various flow rates, aiming at probing the risk of critical failure of the riverbed surface. The experiments are conducted at a water recirculating laboratory flume with a cylindrical pier under four different flow rates. The experimental setup involves a flat fixed bed surface hydraulically roughened by spherical beads packed closely in a hexagonal arrangement, with a similarly roughened 3D-printed test section, on top of which an instrumented particle [2] can be positioned at distinct distances from the model pier. The risk of bed surface destabilization and scour initiation is assessed by the probability of entrainment of the instrumented particle for the combination of flow rates and distances downstream of the model cylinder [3]. The latter can be estimated as the rate of entrainment of the instrumented particle, monitored from the appropriate post-processing of the fused sensor data and validated from video observations (from a top and side camera). In this work, the 3-axis accelerometers and gyroscopes that offer records to help directly produce estimates of the probability of entrainment are embedded within an instrumented particle with an external diameter of 3.5cm.

These observations are further linked to the flow turbulence energy by aiming to establish correlations of the entrainment risk of the exposed instrumented particle to the probability of occurrence of turbulent eddies shed downstream the cylindrical model pier. Profiles of point flow turbulence measurements are obtained with acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) at distinct distances downstream of the model pier. Flow energy and impulses are calculated from the probed flow velocity data at seven longitudinal distances.

References

[1] Michalis P, Xu Y, Valyrakis M (2020). Current practices and future directions of monitoring systems for the assessment of geomorphological conditions at bridge infrastructure. River Flow 2020. In: Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics, Delft, Netherlands, 7–10 July, pp.1–6. ISBN 9781003110958

[2] AlObaidi, K., Valyrakis, M. (2021). Explicit linking the probability of entrainment to the flow hydrodynamics, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, DOI: 10.1002/esp.5188.

[3] Valyrakis, M., Diplas, P., Dancey C.L. (2011). Entrainment of coarse grains in turbulent flows: an extreme value theory approach, Water Resources Research, 47(9), W09512, pp.1-17, DOI:10.1029/2010WR010236.

How to cite: Xu, Y., Farhadi, H., Michalis, P., and Valyrakis, M.: Assessing the risk of infrastructure scour due to turbulence, using miniaturized instrumented particles, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10620, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10620, 2022.

Bed particle motion as bedload transport in riverine flows is a topic of interest in scientific and engineering fields as it is responsible for erosion and sedimentation, which are essential for hydraulic structures design and maintenance [1] but also for river and basin management. The physics of particle motion as the bedload is governed by stochastic processes which interrelated various parameters and conditions (i.e., particle-particle and particle-flow interrelations). Therefore, applying physically-based or hydrodynamic modeling is not always intuitive because of the complex dynamics. In these situations, in which physics is complex, data-driven modeling approaches may yield an efficient alternative approach since it solely considers the relations among the data. Artificial intelligence models (as for data-driven approach) have offered robust predictive performance in various fields of study. In addition, for time-series and sequential forecasting, a beneficial approach is to choose a model that relates previous states to predict future events.

This study contributes to developing a Long Short-Time Memory (LSTM) neural network modeling to predict the particle displacements near-threshold conditions. In order to prepare the data needed for the study, experimental tests were conducted in a hydraulic laboratory on a tilting recirculating flume with a 2000 (length) cm × 60 (width) cm dimension. Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) was applied to record the flow velocity time-series upstream of the particle with 350-hertz frequency. Also, a He-Ne laser with a photomultiplier tube was used to track the particle motion [2]. Data were pre-processed with some statistical approaches for outlier detections and normalization purposes [3]. Therefore, different training and validation datasets ratios were considered, and the results were analyzed with some statistical measures (i.e., MAPE and RMSE).

The proposed input-output architecture (based on the hydrodynamic forces acting on the bed particle) was a function of the future particle displacement and local instantaneous streamwise flow velocity (about 1 diameter upstream of it). Accordingly, the proposed LSTM model achieved high particle displacement prediction accuracy even for lower percent data conditions for model training.

References

[1] Michalis, P., Saafi, M. and Judd, M. (2012). Wireless sensor networks for surveillance and monitoring of bridge scour. Proceedings of the XI International Conference Protection and Restoration of the Environment - PRE XI. Thessaloniki, Greece, pp. 1345–1354.

[2] Diplas, P., Celik, A.O., Dancey, C.L., Valyrakis, M. (2010). Non-intrusive method for Detecting Particle Movement Characteristics near Threshold Flow Conditions, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 136(11), pp.774-780, DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000252.

[3] Valyrakis, M., Diplas, P., Dancey, C.L. (2011). Prediction of coarse particle movement with adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems, Hydrological Processes, 25(22). pp.3513-3524, DOI:10.1002/hyp.8228.

How to cite: Farhadi, H., Xu, Y., Michalis, P., AlHusban, Z., and Valyrakis, M.: Predicting coarse particle displacements due to turbulent flows at near-threshold conditions via LSTM models, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10656, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10656, 2022.

One of the most vulnerable elements of the built environment is critical infrastructure constructed near water bodies, as flowing water negatively impacts their performance [1]. Water-related hazards can increase degradation effects which can be the leading cause for their structural failure. The current practice to assess the condition of structures is typically based on visual inspections, which in many cases are carried out in challenging environmental conditions posing threats for the health and safety of inspectors, among other issues [2]. Important key points about the safety of the structures are often not captured by the visual inspections because these areas of interest are not accessible or visible by inspectors. Real-time monitoring of flood events together with other environmental and structural-related datasets are considered key to better understanding essential aspects of degradation effects at infrastructure. The difficulty in detecting seepage processes inside the body of geo-infrastructure with conventional methods also leads to irreversible impacts with significant disruption and costs to road asset owners, maintainers, and users. The need to obtain real-time information about the evolution of natural and climatic hazards is therefore considered necessary considering the ageing infrastructure, constructed near geomorphologically active rivers, and the extreme shifting climatic conditions.

This work investigated the development of a new risk-monitoring ecosystem to remotely assess the condition of infrastructure. The development of two sensing units with complementary characteristics to provide information about flood risk at bridge sites and seepage processes at road embankments is presented. The sensing system is based on a cloud-based interface with a web-based visualization tool that enables asset owners to monitor in real-time the health of infrastructure systems and receive early warnings when incoming data exceed predetermined threshold levels [1,2,3]. Finally, the potential application location of the sensing units is also discussed alongside the proposed threshold levels that will provide information about the low, medium, high, and very high-risk probability.

References

[1] Michalis, P., Saafi, M. and Judd, M. 2012. Wireless sensor networks for surveillance and monitoring of bridge scour. Proceedings of the XI International Conference Protection and Restoration of the Environment - PRE XI. Thessaloniki, Greece, pp. 1345–1354.

[2] Michalis, P. Xu., Y. and Valyrakis M. (2020). Current practices and future directions of monitoring systems for the assessment of geomorphological conditions at bridge infrastructure. River Flow 2020. Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics, Delft, Netherlands, 7-10 July. pp. 1-6.

[3] AlObaidi, K. and Valyrakis, M. (2021). Explicit linking the probability of entrainment to the flow hydrodynamics, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, DOI: 10.1002/esp.5188.

How to cite: AlObaidi, K., Xu, Y., Farhadi, H., Michalis, P., and Valyrakis, M.: A New Risk Monitoring Approach to Assess Infrastructure Performance, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-12375, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12375, 2022.

Bed particle motion as bedload entrainment in riverine flows is a topic of interest in scientific and engineering fields. It is responsible for erosion and sedimentation, essential for designing hydraulic structures and river and basin management. Stochastic processes govern the physics of coarse particle motion due to particle-particle (here, bed particles) and fluid-particle interrelations, yet not mainly considered for estimating and describing the bedload flux and motions. Therefore, authentic knowledge of bed particle behavior in different phases of entrainment and transport might lead to a better description of the phenomenon. This study contributes to applying a non-intrusive particle monitoring technique, i.e., an embedded micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) as “smart particle” [1], to explore and monitor the dynamics of the initial and the bed particle motion near- and above threshold conditions.

Additionally, the imaging technique was deployed to track and monitor the instantaneous particle velocity and displacement during the transport, which was also applied as a complementary technique to calibrate and assess the MEMS sensor results [2]. The dynamics of incipient particle motion and particle transport were evaluated in sets of hydraulic flume experiments (by applying the instrumented particle) for different flow conditions, which deliver distinct particle entrainment and transport regimes [3-5]. The stochastic frameworks, which best described the hydrodynamic aspects of the entrainment and transport conditions, were chosen and discussed in relation to the near riverbed surface flow hydrodynamic conditions for better comprehension of the conditions leading to incipient entrainment and relatively low bedload transport stages. 

References

[1] Valyrakis, M., Alexakis, A. (2016). Development of a “smart-pebble” for tracking sediment 2transport. River Flow 2016, MO, USA.

[2] Valyrakis, M., Farhadi, H. (2017). Investigating coarse sediment particles transport using PTV and “smart-pebbles”instrumented with inertial sensors, EGU General Assembly 2017, Vienna, Austria, 23-28 April 2017, id. 9980.

[3] Farhadi, H. and Valyrakis, M. (2021). Exploring probability distribution functions best-fitting the kinetic energy of coarse particles at above threshold flow conditions. In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts (pp. EGU21-1820).

[4] AlObaidi, K., Xu, Y., and Valyrakis, M. (2020). The Design and Calibration of Instrumented Particles for Assessing Water Infrastructure Hazards, Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 2020, 9(3), pp.36(1-18), DOI: 10.3390/jsan9030036.

[5] AlObaidi, K. and Valyrakis, M. (2021). Linking the explicit probability of entrainment of instrumented particles to flow hydrodynamics. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 46(12), pp.2448-2465.

How to cite: Al-Husban, Z., Farhadi, H., AlObaidi, K., Xu, Y., and Valyrakis, M.: Incorporating an instrumented particle to monitor the dynamic processes of bed particle motion from entrainment to low transport stages, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-12570, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12570, 2022.

A granular system is a collection of macroscopic particles that interacts through dissipative collisions and enduring contacts. It can exhibit gas, liquid or solid behaviour. These systems present phase transitions and coexistence of different phases. As for solid-liquid transitions, there is vast literature in thermal and athermal systems but no universal models of first-order or second-order phase transitions.

In particular, dry granular flows (the movement of granular material in fluids of low density and viscosity) can serve as models of debris flows. Mechanical clogging occurs when the mass of granular material is stopped in from of slits or orifices in check dams. There is currently not enough knowledge on the processes that lead to clogging.  

In this research we conducted a series of 31 laboratory experiments of dry granular flows constricted through a vertical gap, adjacent to the side wall, mimicking slit dam conditions. The granular material was composed of monosized polystyrene particles (Ø1.8 mm). The width of the slit was 2 particle diameters. The granular mass was released suddenly in a 1.5 m long chute, tilted at 20°. Instrumentation included two high-speed cameras (300 fps), located upstream, at the gate location, and downstream, at the slit location. Instantaneous velocities were obtained with PTV at the chute wall. In this work we discuss the behaviour or mean longitudinal velocities and of granular temperatures when the clogging occurs. The start of the clogging process was identified as the ts – solidification instant, this instant is defined by the moment the first particles stop moving.

It is shown that the statistical distribution of ts is probably not heavy-tailed. It has a positive asymmetry [0.410] and low flatness [-1.369]. Analysing 0.133 s before and after the solidification instant, it is shown that the mean velocity and the granular temperature of the granular system is constant up to 0.033 s before ts while the solid volume increases. It is not clear which portions of the system are in a gas phase and which are in a liquid phase.

The dissipative nature of the system becomes apparent from ts – 0.033 s. It is postulated that the rate of collisions has substantially increased with the increase of the solid fraction. It is expected that the rate of dissipation of fluctuating energy is a non-linear increasing function of the volume fraction. Hence, from ts – 0.033 onwards, a decrease in granular temperature (granular cooling) becomes evident. A reduction of the mean velocity becomes apparent at the same instant. The decrease of the fluctuating kinetic energy is continuous across the phase transition but appears stronger after ts.  

As a result of this work we will explore the hypothesis that the liquid-solid phase transition, observed in terms of mean velocities and granular temperatures is best modelled as smooth transition.

This work was funded by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through Project PTDC / ECI-EGS / 29835/2017 - POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029835, financed by FEDER funds through COMPETE2020, by National funds through FCT, IP. and partially funded by FEDER Project by the FCT Project RECI/ECM-HID/0371/2012.

How to cite: Mendes, S., Farias, R., Aleixo, R., Larcher, M., Viseu, T., and Ferreira, R.: Experimental characterization of mechanical clogging of dry granular flows through sudden constrictions, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-12828, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12828, 2022.

The delineation of geomorphometrical objects that can be translated to geomorphological features is one of the most practical aspects of geomorphometry. The concave (closed depressions) or convex features (mounds) are often important to be delineated from multiple points of view: theoretical approaches, planning for practical purposes, or various other aspects. In this work, I have approached sinkholes and burial mounds as representative cases of concave and convex features represented on high-resolution DEMs. Based on manual delineations, several algorithms of object-based delineation were tested for accuracy. The interest was in delineating as much as accurate possible the targeted features. Further, the segments were fed to a multilayer perceptron for the classification of the delineated segments. The results show promising accuracy in regard to both types of features.

How to cite: Niculiță, M.: Machine learning and geomorphometrical objects for convex and concave geomorphological features detection, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-1853, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1853, 2022.

Over the past decades advanced technology has become available, revolutionizing the assessment of surface topography. At smaller scales (up to a few km²) structure from motion (SfM) algorithms applied to uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery now allow sub-meter resolution. On the other hand, spaceborne digital elevation models (DEMs) are becoming increasingly accurate and are available at a global scale. Two recent spaceborne developments are the 12 m TanDEM-X and 30 m Copernicus DEMs. While sub-meter resolution UAV-SfM DEMs generally serve as a reference, their acquisition remains time-consuming and spatially constrained. However, some applications in geomorphology, such as the estimation of regional or national erosion quantities of specific landforms, require data over large areas. TanDEM-X and Copernicus data can be applied at such scales, but this raises the question of how much accuracy is lost because of the lower spatial resolution.

Here, we evaluate the performance of the 12 m TanDEM-X DEM and the 30 m Copernicus DEM to i) estimate gully volumes, ii) establish an area-volume relationship, and iii) determine sediment mobilization rates, through comparison with a higher resolution (0.2 m) UAV-SfM DEM. We did this for six study areas in central Madagascar where lavaka (large gullies) are omnipresent and surface area changes over the period 1949-2010s are available. Copernicus derived lavaka volume estimates were systematically too low, indicating that the Copernicus DEM is not suitable to estimate erosion volumes for geomorphic features at the lavaka scale (100 – 10⁵ m²). The relatively coarser resolution of the DEM prevents to accurately capture complex topography and smaller geomorphic features. Lavaka volumes obtained from the TanDEM-X DEM were similar to UAV-SfM volumes for the largest features, while smaller features were generally underestimated. To deal with this bias we introduce a breakpoint analysis to eliminate volume reconstructions that suffered from processing errors as evidenced by significant fractions of negative volumes. This elimination allowed the establishment of an area-volume relationship for the TanDEM-X data with fitted coefficients within the 95% confidence interval of the UAV-SfM relationship. Combined with surface area changes over the period 1949-2010s, our calibrated area-volume relationship enabled us to obtain lavaka mobilization rates ranging between 18 ± 3 and 311 ± 82 t ha^-1 yr^-1 for the six study areas, with an average of 108 ± 26 t ha^-1 yr^-1. This does not only show that the Malagasy highlands are currently rapidly eroding by lavaka, but also that lavaka erosion is spatially variable, requiring the assessment of a large area in order to obtain a meaningful estimate of the average erosion rate.

With this study we demonstrate that medium-resolution global DEMs can be used to accurately estimate the volumes of gullies exceeding 800 m² in size, where the proposed breakpoint-method can be applied without requiring the availability of a higher resolution DEM. This might aid geomorphologists to quantify sediment mobilisation rates by highly variable processes such as gully erosion or landsliding at the regional scale, as illustrated by our first assessment of regional lavaka mobilization rates in the central highlands of Madagascar.

How to cite: Brosens, L., Campforts, B., Govers, G., Aldana-Jague, E., Razanamahandry, V. F., Razafimbelo, T., Rafolisy, T., and Jacobs, L.: Comparative analysis of the Copernicus (30 m), TanDEM-X (12 m) and UAV-SfM (0.2 m) DEM to estimate gully volumes and mobilization rates in central Madagascar, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-5587, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-5587, 2022.

The concept of terrain visibility is vast and hard to summarise in a single definition. It can be generically said that it is a property that measures how observable a territory is from a single or multiple points of view. 

The estimation or calculation of visibility indices has been used in multiple fields, including architecture, archaeology, communications, tourism, land planning, and military applications. Recently (Meinhardt et al., 2015, Bornaetxea et al., 2018, Knevels et al., 2020, ) the concept of viewshed, i.e. the geographical area that is visible from one or more points of view, has been called into play for applications involving geomorphology.  In particular, it has been used to identify the portions of territory in which existing landslide inventories, carried out through field surveys, can be considered valuable for the calculation of landslide susceptibility. The aim is to delineate the Effective Surveyed Area, i.e. the area that has actually been observed by the operators in the field. 

However, this purely geometric approach cannot guarantee that objects are actually visible just because they are in a direct line-of-sight relationship with the observer. Due to their size and/or orientation in space, they may be (i) poorly or not at all detectable and/or (ii) observable from only a few viewpoints.    

For this reason we have developed r.survey (Bornaetxea & Marchesini, 2021), a plugin (Python script) for GRASS GIS, which allows to simulate (i) from how many observation points each point of the territory is visible, (ii) from which point of observation each point of the territory is most effectively visible, (iii) whether an object of a specific size can be detected. Concerning, in particular, the last element, r.survey calculates the solid angle subtended by a circle of equivalent dimensions to those of the object to be surveyed and assumed to be lying on the territory, oriented according to the slope and aspect derived from a digital terrain model. The solid angle provides a continuous measure of the visibility of the object sought, which can be compared with typical values of a human visual acuity. What happens then is that the concept of 'Effective Surveyed Area' can be reworked into the more accurate 'Size-specific Effective Surveyed Area' (SsESA). The new concept makes it possible to identify those portions of territory in which, during fieldwork, it is possible to observe objects of equal or greater size than those of interest, also considering their orientation in space with respect to the observer. 

The code of r.survey, which is based on the libraries and modules of GRASS GIS and was written to exploit multi-core processing, is open source and available for downloading (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3993140) together with a manual and some example data.

How to cite: Marchesini, I. and Bornaetxea, T.: r.survey: a tool to assess whether elements of specific sizes can be visually detected during field surveys, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-5715, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-5715, 2022.

Sediment connectivity, defined as the degree to which a system facilitates the transfer of sediment through itself by means of coupling relationships between its components, has recently emerged as a paramount property of geomorphic systems. The growing interest of the earth sciences community in connectivity led this property to become a key concept concerning sediment transfer processes analysis and one of the building blocks of modern geomorphology. The increasing availability of high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) from different sources as LiDAR and Structure from Motion (SfM) paved the way to quantitative and semi-quantitative approaches for assessing sediment connectivity. A geomorphometric index of sediment connectivity, based on DEM derivatives as drainage area, slope, flow length and surface roughness, has been developed along with related freeware software tool (SedInConnect). The index aims at depicting spatial connectivity patterns at the catchment scale to support the assessment of the contribution of a given part of the catchment as sediment source and define sediment transfer paths. The increasing interest in the quantitative characterization of the linkages between landscape units and the straightforward applicability of this index resulted in numerous applications in different contexts. This work presents and discusses the main applications of the sediment connectivity index along with a recent application in the frame of the Interreg ITAT3032 SedInOut Project (2019-2022). Being a topography-based index, it is focused on structural aspects of connectivity, and quality and resolution of DEMs may have a significant impact on the results. Future development should consider process-based connectivity and incorporate temporal variability directly into the index. Moreover, this work demonstrates that, when carefully applied considering the intrinsic limitations of the topographic-based approach, the index can rapidly provide a spatial characterization of sediment dynamics, thus improving the understanding of geomorphic system behavior and, consequently, hazard and risk assessment.

How to cite: Cavalli, M., Crema, S., Cucchiaro, S., Macchi, G., Trevisani, S., and Marchi, L.: Sediment connectivity assessment through a geomorphometric approach: a review of recent applications, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8456, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8456, 2022.

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) depict the elevation of the Earth’s surface and are fundamental to many applications, particularly in the geosciences. To date, global DEMs contain building and forest artifacts that limit its functionality for applications that require precise measurement of terrain elevation, such as flood inundation modeling. Using machine learning techniques, we remove both building and tree height bias from the recently published Copernicus GLO-30 DEM to create a new dataset called FABDEM (Forest And Buildings removed Copernicus DEM). This new dataset is available at 1 arc second grid spacing (~30m) between 60°S-80°N, and is the first global DEM to remove both buildings and trees.

Our correction algorithm is trained on a comprehensive and unique set of reference elevation data from 12 countries that covers a wide range of climate zones and urban types. This results in a wider applicability compared to previous DEM correction studies trained on data from a single country. As a result, we reduce mean absolute vertical error from 5.15m to 2.88m in forested areas, and from 1.61m to 1.12m in built-up areas, compared to Copernicus GLO-30 DEM. Further statistical and visual comparisons to other global DEMs suggests FABDEM is the most accurate global DEM with median errors ranging from -0.11m to 0.45m for the different landcover types assessed. The biggest improvements were found in areas of dense canopy coverage (>50%), with FABDEM having a median error of 0.45m compared to 2.95m in MERIT DEM and 12.95m for Copernicus GLO-30 DEM.

FABDEM has notable improvements over existing global DEMs, resulting from the use of Copernicus GLO-30 and a powerful machine learning correction of building and tree bias. As such, there will be beneifts in using FABDEM for purposes where depiction of the bare-earth terrain is required, such as in applications in geomorphology, glaciology and hydrology.

How to cite: Uhe, P., Hawker, L., Paulo, L., Sosa, J., Sampson, C., and Neal, J.: FABDEM - A 30m global map of elevation with forests and buildings removed, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8994, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8994, 2022.

Stream morphology is an important indicator for revealing the geomorphological features and evolution of the Yangtze River. Existing studies on the morphology of the Yangtze River focus on planar features. However, the vertical features are also important. Vertical features mainly control the flow ability and erosion intensity. Furthermore, traditional studies often focus on a few stream profiles in the Yangtze River. However, stream profiles are linked together by runoff nodes, thus affecting the geomorphological evolution of the Yangtze River naturally. In this study, a clustering method of stream profiles in the Yangtze River is proposed by plotting all profiles together. Then, a stream evolution index is used to investigate the geomorphological features of the stream profile clusters to reveal the evolution of the Yangtze River. Based on the stream profile clusters, the erosion base of the Yangtze River generally changes from steep to gentle from the upper reaches to the lower reaches, and the evolution degree of the stream changes from low to high. The asymmetric distribution of knickpoints in the Han River Basin supports the view that the boundary of the eastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau has reached the vicinity of the Daba Mountain.

How to cite: Zhao, F. and Xiong, L.: Clustering stream profiles to understand the geomorphological features and evolution of the Yangtze River by using DEMS, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-13121, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-13121, 2022.

Land surface curvature (LSC) is a basic attribute of topography and influences local effects of gravitational energy and surface material transport. However, the calculation of LSCs based on triangulated irregular networks (TINs) has not been fully studied, which restricts further geoscience studies based on TIN digital elevation models (DEMs). The triangular facets and vertices of a TIN are both expressions of the land surface; therefore, based on their adjacency relationship, the LSCs can be calculated. In this study, we propose a mathematical vector framework to enhance LSC system theory. In this framework, LSC can be calculated based on both triangular facets and vertices, and the selection of weighting methods in the framework is flexible. We use the concept of the curvature tensor to interpret and calculate the commonly used LSC, which provides a new perspective in geoscience research. We also investigate the capacity of the TIN-based method to perform LSCs calculations and compare it with grid-based methods. Based on a mathematically simulated surface, we reach the following conclusions. First, the TIN-based method has similar effects on the scale to the grid-based methods of EVANS and ZEVENBERGEN. Second, the TIN-based method is less error sensitive than the grid-based methods by the EVANS and ZEVENBERGEN polynomials for the high error DEMs. Third, the shape of the TIN triangles exerts a great influence on the LSCs calculation, which means that the accuracy of LSCs calculation can be further improved with the optimized TIN but will be discontinuous. Based on three real landforms with different data sources, we discuss the possible applications of the TIN-based method, e.g., the classification of land surface concavity–convexity and hillslope units. We find that the TIN-based method can produce visually better classification results than the grid-based method. This qualitative comparison reflects the potential of using TINs in multiscale geoscience research and the capacity of the proposed TIN-based LSC calculation methods. Our proposed mathematical vector framework for LSCs calculations from TINs is a preliminary approach to mitigate the multiple-scale problem in geoscience. In addition, this research integrates mathematical vector and geographic theories and provides an important reference for geoscience research.

How to cite: Hu, G., Xiong, L., and Tang, G.: Mathematical vector framework for gravity-specific land surface curvatures calculation from triangulated irregular networks, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-13122, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-13122, 2022.

Digital elevation models (DEMs) contain some of the most important data for providing terrain information and supporting environmental analyses. However, the applications of DEMs are significantly limited by data voids, which are commonly found in regions with rugged terrain. We propose a novel deep learning-based strategy called a topographic knowledge-constrained conditional generative adversarial network (TKCGAN) to fill data voids in DEMs. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data with spatial resolutions of 3 and 1 arc-seconds are used in experiments to demonstrate the applicability of the TKCGAN. Qualitative topographic knowledge of valleys and ridges is transformed into new loss functions that can be applied in deep learning-based algorithms and constrain the training process. The results show that the TKCGAN outperforms other common methods in filling voids and improves the elevation and surface slope accuracy of the reconstruction results. The performance of TKCGAN is stable in the test areas and reduces the error in the regions with medium and high surface slopes. Furthermore, the analysis of profiles indicates that the TKCGAN achieves better performance according to a visual inspection and quantitative comparison. In addition, the proposed strategy can be applied to DEMs with different resolutions. This work is an endeavour to transform perceptive topographic knowledge into computer-processable rules and benefits future research related to terrain reconstruction and modelling.

How to cite: Li, S., Xiong, L., and Tang, G.: Integrating topographic knowledge into deep learning for the void-filling of digital elevation models, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-13124, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-13124, 2022.

Deserts have obvious textural features. In detail, different types of sand dunes have significant differences in their morphological texture features. Existing studies on desert texture have mainly focused on extracting dune ridges or sand ripples using remote sensing images. However, comprehensive understanding of desert texture at multiple scales and quantitative representation of texture features are lacking. Our study area is in the Badain Jaran Desert. Four typical sand dunes in this desert are selected, namely, starlike chain megadune, barchans chain, compound chain dune, and schuppen chain megadune. Based on Sentinel-2 and ASTER 30m DEM data, the macroscopic and microscopic texture features of the desert are extracted using positive and negative topography, edge detection and local binary pattern (LBP) methods, respectively. Eight texture indexes based on gray level co-occurrence matrix(GLCM) are calculated for the original data and the abstract texture data respectivelyThen these texture parameters are clustered based on the result of Spearman correlation. Finally, the coefficient of variation is used to determine representative indicators for each cluster in order to construct a geomorphological texture information spectrum library of typical dune types. The results show that the macroscopic and microscopic texture features of the same type of sand dunes have high similarity. And geomorphological texture information spectrum can well distinguish different types of sand dunes by curve features.

How to cite: Ma, J., Li, F., Liu, L., Cheng, J., and Tang, G.: Research on texture features for typical sand dunes using multi-source data, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-13129, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-13129, 2022.

Gullies are some of the areas with the most frequent material exchanges in loess landforms. By studying the influence of the spatial structure of gully networks on material transport and describing the difficulty of material transport from sources to sinks, it is of great significance to understand the development and evolution of loess landforms. This study is based on graph theory and digital terrain analysis and describes the relationship between gully networks and terrain feature elements via a gully network graph model. The adjacency matrix of the gully network graph model is constructed to quantify the connectivity. Taking six typical small watershed sample areas of the Loess Plateau as the research objects, the changes in the gully network connectivity characteristics in different loess geomorphic areas are analyzed from the aspects of overall network connectivity and node connectivity. The results show that (1) From Shenmu to Chunhua (the sample areas from north to south), the average values of the gully network edge weights first decrease and then increase. The maximum value is 0.253 in the Shenmu sample area, and the minimum value is 0.093 in the Yanchuan sample area. These values show that as the gully development increases, the greater the capacity of the gully network to transport materials is, and the less resistance the material receives during the transfer process. (2) The average node strength reaches the minimum in the Yanchuan sample area, and from Yanchuan to the north and south sides, it gradually increases. It can be concluded that the overall connectivity of the gully network shows a gradually weakening trend from the Yanchuan sample area to the north and south sides. (3) The potential flow (Fi) and network structural connectivity index (NSC) show similar characteristic changes; from north to south, the connectivity of nodes from the Shenmu to Yanchuan sample areas gradually increases, and from the Yanchuan to Chunhua sample areas, it gradually weakens. The accessibility from source to sink (Shi) shows the opposite trend. At the same time, the connectivity index values of the gully network nodes in the six typical areas all show clustered spatial distribution characteristics. (4) By comparing the results of the connectivity indicators calculated by the Euclidian distance used in the previous study and the sediment transport capacity index used in this study and by comparing the variation in the gully network quantitative indicators and the gully network connectivity indicators, this comparison result indicates the rationality of connectivity indicators in this paper. The connectivity of the gully network contains abundant and important information on the development and evolution of loess gullies. Research on the connectivity of the gully network will help deepen the understanding of the evolution process and mechanism of loess gullies.

How to cite: Cheng, J., Luo, L., Li, F., and Liu, L.: Regional differences in gully network connectivity based on graph theory: a case study on the Loess Plateau, China, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-13130, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-13130, 2022.

Gully morphology is an important part of loess geomorphology research. Along with gully development, the variation of its cross section is the most important aspect, and it can intuitively reflect the characteristics of the lateral widening of the gully slope. Therefore, in-depth research of the variation of the cross-sectional morphology of the gully is important to understanding the development process of the loess gully. Based on the data of nine periods of an indoor simulated loess small watershed, this paper deeply studies the evolution model of a complete branch ditch in the watershed from many aspects by using the theory and method of digital terrain analysis. Firstly, we analyse the morphological characteristics of the gully cross section in the simulated small watershed. The test shows that with the development of the gully, the average slope of the slope decreases continuously, and the slope morphology is mostly a concave slope along the slope direction. The degree of downward concave first increases and then gradually tends to be gentle. The gully erosion mode is gradually transformed from downward cutting erosion to lateral erosion. The more mature the gully development, the lower the depth of gully bottom cutting is compared with the width of gully widening. Furthermore, the surface cutting depth tends to be stable and the slope is stable. Then, the transformation law of the slope morphology of the gully cross section with the development of the gully is studied, and the prediction model of the transformation of the slope morphology of the gully cross section is established by using the Markov chain. The Markov model can better reflect the dynamic change of the slope morphology of the gully cross section, which is of considerable importance to revealing the external performance and internal mechanism of the gully morphology.

How to cite: Liu, L., Li, F., Yang, X., and Cheng, J.: Morphological characteristics and evolution model of loess gully cross section, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-13131, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-13131, 2022.

In an area experienced a strong earthquake, the formation of clusters of seismic cracks is considered related to susceptibility to post-seismic slides. However, the relationship between crack distribution and the occurrence of post-seismic slides has rarely been evaluated. This study developed an index representing the spatial density of seismic cracks (dense crack index: DCI) for the area where post-seismic slides were identified after the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake (Mw 7.0). The susceptibility of post-seismic slides was then assessed using models that incorporated the weight of evidence (WoE) and random forest (RF) methods, with the DCI as a conditioning factor. Both the models confirmed the importance of the DCI, although the improvement in model performance as indicated by area under the curve values was marginal or negligible by including the index. This was largely because the combination of features that indicated where open cracks were likely to occur, or ridgelines where seismic waves were prone to be amplified, could compensate for the absence of the index. The contribution of the DCI could be improved if more accurate LiDAR data were used in the analysis.

How to cite: Kasai, M. and Yamaguchi, S.: Assessment of post-seismic landslide susceptibility using an index representative of seismic cracks, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-13239, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-13239, 2022.

Topography and geology are considered the primary factors influencing groundwater flow and accumulation. To evaluate their potential in identifying groundwater potential, an integrated approach was provided and used in this work to delineate groundwater potential zones in Sahel-Doukkala, Morocco, by combining geomorphometric variables and a Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) technique. Aside from lithology, all variables used in this approach were derived from a 10 m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generated from ALOS-PRISM stereo-images using photogrammetric techniques. The chosen variables were considered to be very closely associated with groundwater circulation and accumulation, namely lithology, topographic wetness index (TWI), convergence index (CI), lineament density, lineament intersection density, and drainage network. These variables were given weights based on their respective importance in the occurrence of groundwater, by using a cumulative effect matrix. This process has shown that lineament density had the most effects on other variables, with the biggest weight (24%), followed by lineament intersection density (20%). TWI and CI succeeded 16% while lithology and drainage network density had the least weight (12%). Later, in a GIS system, an MCE based weight sum method was used for generating the groundwater potential zones map.

The obtained map was classified into three zones, viz. “poor”, “moderate” and “high”. These zones delineate areas where the subsurface has varying degrees of potential to store water and also indicate the availability of groundwater. It was found that the zone with “high” potential covered an area of approximately 714 km² (44 % of the study area), and it identified areas that are suitable for groundwater storage. These zones showed a high association with low drainage density, low TWI values, and a high density of lineaments and lineament intersections. The groundwater potential zones map produced by the proposed approach was verified using the location and groundwater level depth of 325 existing wells that were categorized as successful, and the result was found satisfactory, with 91% of the successful exiting wells were located at zones that fall in the “moderate” and “high” areas. In addition, the validity of the proposed approach was tested according to the groundwater level depth, which indicates the actual groundwater potential. It was found that places with "high" potential have an average groundwater level depth of approximately 27 m, whereas areas with “moderate” and “poor” potential showed an average of 31 m and 37 m, respectively. The validation results show a good agreement between existing groundwater wells and the obtained groundwater potential zones map and were considered to be reasonable. Therefore, the produced map can be of great help to hydrogeologists to detect, with time and cost-effectively, new zones that may carry a high groundwater potential.

Because DEM data is one of the most widely and easily accessible data, the proposed method is well suited for areas where data is scarce. As result, it can be widely used to develop conceptual models based on geomorphometric variables as primary inputs for similar arid and semi-arid regions suffering from data scarcity.

How to cite: Habib, A., El Arabi, A., and Labbassi, K.: Evaluating Geomorphometric Variables to Identify Groundwater Potential Zones in Sahel-Doukkala, Morocco, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-13325, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-13325, 2022.

The World Urbanization Prospects (ONU) estimates that within 2050 about 70% of the world's population will live in urban areas. The use of GIS and spatial analysis are essential tools for proper land use planning, which takes into account the geomorphological characteristics of the territory, as the starting point for the safeguard of urban ecosystems.

Several geological and environmental approaches have been proposed, albeit they usually lack a new objective, quantitative and scale independent model. At variance with common approaches, recently a new geomorphodiversity index was proposed which aims at an objective classification of joint geological, hydrological, biotic and ... features, in Italy.

In this work, we show results of a study performed in urban areas in Italy, where we apply systematic spatial analysis for the identification of the geomorphodiversity index. The approach proposed a quantitative assessment of topographic features (i.e., slope and landforms classification) is a spatial analysis in GRASS GIS through the use of geomorphon method and additional morphometric quantities. We aim at the definition of a new scale-independent approach, analyzing all of the morphometric quantities calculated at different scales (i.e., within moving windows of different sizes). We shown that scale- and model-independent selection of such features is possible for most of the considered quantities.

We argue that our work is relevant for the objective selection of quantities to define a geomorphodiversity index, and its calculation in  areas of arbitrary size and geomorphological properties, provided the same input data is available.

How to cite: Melelli, L., Burnelli, M., and Alvioli, M.: A scale-independent model for the analysis of geomorphodiversity index, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-13343, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-13343, 2022.

The impact of Quaternary climate cycles on denudation as well as fluvial aggradation and incision is debated, especially in regions that did not experience glaciation. Here we present a record of paleo-denudation rates, and geochronologic data constraining aggradation and incision from the Sfakia and Elafonisi alluvial sequences on the island of Crete, Greece. We report seven new optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and ten new radiocarbon ages, as well as eight ¹⁰Be and eight ³⁶Cl denudation rates from modern and terrace sediments. At the Elafonisi fan system, we identify four periods of aggradation, where marine isotope stages (MIS) 2, 4, and likely 6 correspond to aggradation periods, and MIS 1, 3, and likely 5e are characterized by incision. The dating of paleoshorelines indicates constant uplift over the past 71 ka, at rates of 1.2 mm/a. Aggradation occurred throughout the entire glacial cycle at the Sfakia fan, followed by up to 50 m of incision in the past 10 ka. Chronological constraints indicate that aggradation rates were particularly high during MIS 2 and 4, analogous to the Elafonisi fan system. However, our paleo-denudation rates indicate mostly constant denudation throughout the past 80 ka; with only two samples indicating an up to 50% increase in paleo-denudation rates compared to modern rates. Nearby climate and vegetation records show that MIS 2, 4, and 6 were characterized by cold and dry climate with sparse vegetation, whereas forest cover and wet conditions prevailed during MIS 1, 3, and 5. Our data suggest that variations in climate and vegetation cover were not sufficient to markedly alter landscape-wide denudation rates, but that changes in hydroclimate and vegetation exerted a strong control on the aggradation-incision behavior of the drainages. During relatively cold stages, low vegetation cover and river sediment transport capacity led to aggradation, whereas the increased river transport capacity during relatively warm stages caused subsequent incision. We therefore hypothesize that the studied catchments show a decoupling between transport-limited streams responding to climate forcing and near-steady hillslope denudation.

How to cite: Ott, R., Scherler, D., Wegmann, K., D'Arcy, M., Ivy-Ochs, S., Christl, M., and Vockenhuber, C.: Decoupling between fluvial aggradation-incision dynamics and paleo-denudation rates during the last glacial cycle, Crete, Greece, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2141, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2141, 2022.

  Quantifying the rate and timing of landscape evolution is required to better understand the interaction between tectonic and surface processes and the potential influence of climate change on million-year time scales. Pecube is a 3D thermo-kinematic model capable of predicting low-temperature thermochronometric ages based on variable rock exhumation within an evolving topography driven by tectonic and surface processes. Pecube has been widely used over the past two decades to constrain the timing and rate of relief development, model paleo topographies, establish robust sampling strategies, and track the evolution of glaciated landscapes. Since its initial development by Braun (2003), many new functionalities have been added to Pecube to incorporate lower-temperature thermochronometers (e.g., OSL), lateral advection along faults, and the ability to provide topography evolution scenarios resulting from a surface processes model (SPM). Although widely used, the current version of Pecube (1) still necessitates the use of a non-user-friendly terminal, and (2) lacks sample-specific thermochronometric predictions, including radiation-damage dependent helium diffusion models for (U-Th)/He-based thermochronometers. These two shortcomings may limit the use of Pecube by the community.

  Here, we introduce a newly developed graphical user-friendly interface for Pecube, called PecubeGUI, which incorporates new tools intended to clearly guide the user through all model input parameters for all functionalities of Pecube. Among them, the user is now able to simply load topographic files from a digital elevation model (DEM) or a SPM, and interactively set (i) the topographic evolution scenario by direct visual inspection, and (ii) the corresponding steady-state geotherm. PecubeGUI also enables the ability to predict ages in specific locations on a DEM with the use of up-to-date models for helium production and diffusion in apatite. For a single synthetic grain, the user can choose between several diffusion models, and can define zonation. In addition, ⁴He/³He release spectra can be predicted and compared with observed data.

  To illustrate the capabilities of PecubeGUI, we present a case-study that couples a glacial landscape evolution model (iSOSIA, Egholm, 2011) with updated Pecube functionalities. We use a forward modelling approach to assess the capability and sensitivity of apatite (U-Th)/He and ⁴He/³He thermochronometric data, to constrain the spatial and temporal distribution of glacial erosion at exceptionally high-resolutions in the Rhone valley (Swiss Alps) over multiple Quaternary glaciations. There, apatites show a potential for variable damage accumulation (eU = 12-280 ppm), implying variable single-grain closure temperatures. Previous modelling works suggest glacial incision at 1 Ma (Valla et al., 2011; Valla et al., 2012). With the observed data as constraints, we discuss how single-grain age predictions with detailed production-diffusion models (including the effect of radiation damage), can be used to (1) strategically establish the most effective sampling sites; and (2) constrain the spatial and temporal distribution of glacial erosion at the scale of a landscape, as well as at individual sampling sites.

How to cite: Bernard, M., van der Beek, P., Colleps, C., and Amalberti, J.: PecubeGUI: a new graphical user interface for Pecube, introduction and sample-specific predictions of apatite (U-Th)/He and 4He/3He data in the Rhone valley, Switzerland., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2277, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2277, 2022.

We present published bedrock apatite fission track (AFT) and apatite (U-Th)/He (AHe) ages from the Northern Apennines to provide new insights into the spatial and temporal pattern of erosion across the mountain range. The spatial pattern of time-averaged erosion rates derived from AFT ages illustrates similar erosion rates on the Ligurian and Adriatic sides of the range. However, erosion rates derived from AHe ages are higher on the Adriatic side of the range, relative to the Ligurian side. The temporal pattern of time-averaged erosion rates illustrates an overall decrease in erosion through time on the Ligurian side, but suggests an increase in erosion through time on the Adriatic side. These results are corroborated by an analysis of paired AFT and AHe thermochronometer samples, which illustrate that erosion rates have generally increased through time on the Adriatic side, but have decreased through time on the Ligurian side. We infer that such regional scale-differences must be controlled by first-order features of the Northern Apennines, so we present an updated kinematic model to understand what could control these differences. Using imposed erosion rates on the Ligurian side that are a factor of two slower relative to the Adriatic side, we demonstrate that cooling ages and maximum burial depths are able to replicate the pattern of measured cooling ages across the orogen and estimates of burial depth from vitrinite reflectance data. These results suggest that horizontal motion is an important component of the overall rock motion in the wedge, and that the asymmetry of the orogen has existed for at least several million years.

How to cite: Erlanger, E., Fellin, M. G., and Willett, S.: Reexamining the temporal and spatial patterns of exhumation and erosion in the Northern Apennines: new insights from low-temperature thermochronometers, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2342, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2342, 2022.

Where, and how much sediment is produced and transported in hillslope and fluvial systems depends upon the topographic slope, soil production rate, lithology, precipitation, and biota. In this study we investigate the patterns of sediment production in two catchments of the Coastal Cordillera (Chile) situated in semi-arid and mediterranean bioclimates. We do this by measuring 29 bedrock and 6 detrital apatite trace elements and apatite cooling ages with the U/Pb, fission track, U-Th(-Sm)/He thermochronometric systems. Detrital samples were collected from fluvial sediment and provide a catchment-scale view of the upstream areas. The compositional and geochronologic data measured in bedrock are analized with a Principal Component Analysis and a clustering algorithm to find the parameters that are best suited to trace sediment provenance at the sub-catchment scale. Next, we analyse the distribution of the same parameters within the detritus to infer the relative contribution of different areas within the catchments. Results indicate that spatial variations of bedrock cooling age and geochemical composition are significant even within small-scale (10-100 km²) granitoid catchments. Therefore, the combination of detrital apatite geochronology and geochemistry allows discrimination among source areas with acceptable confidence. Preliminary results show that the impact of vegetation distribution, hillslope angles and bedrock weatherability on sediment production differs in the two bioclimatic settings. In particular, hillslope angles and lithology exert a greater impact in the semi-arid catchment.

How to cite: Madella, A., Glotzbach, C., and Ehlers, T.: Biotic, lithologic and geomorphic control on sediment production from detrital apatite geochemistry and thermochronology, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2762, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2762, 2022.

Drainage-divide migration, controlled by rock-uplift and rainfall patterns, may play a major role in the geomorphic evolution of mountain ranges. However, divide-migration rates over geologic timescales have only been estimated by theoretical studies and remain empirically poorly constrained. Geomorphological evidence suggests that the Sierra de Aconquija, on the eastern side of the southern Central Andes, northwest Argentina, is undergoing active westward drainage-divide migration. The mountain range has been subjected to steep rock trajectories and pronounced orographic rainfall for the last several million years, presenting an ideal setting for using low-temperature thermochronometric data and exhumation rates derived from in situ produced ¹⁰Be to explore its topographic evolution.

We perform three-dimensional thermal-kinematic modeling of previously published thermochronometric data spanning the windward and leeward sides of the range to explore the most likely structural and topographic evolution of the range. We find that the thermochronometric data can be explained by scenarios involving drainage-divide migration alone, or by scenarios that also involve changes in the structures that have accommodated deformation through time. By combining new ¹⁰Be-derived catchment-average denudation rates with geomorphic and stratigraphic constraints on fault activity, we conclude that the evolution of the range was likely dominated by west-vergent faulting on a high-angle reverse fault underlying the range, together with westward drainage-divide migration at a rate of several km per million years. Our findings place new constraints on the magnitudes and rates of drainage-divide migration in real landscapes, quantify the effects of orographic rainfall and erosion on the topographic evolution of a mountain range, and highlight the importance of considering drainage-divide migration when interpreting thermochronometer age patterns.

How to cite: Schildgen, T., van der Beek, P., D'Arcy, M., Roda Boluda, D., Elizabeth, O., and Hella, W.: Quantifying drainage-divide migration from orographic rainfall over geologic timescales: Sierra de Aconquija, southern Central Andes, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3441, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3441, 2022.

High-resolution ⁴He/³He thermochronometry involves stepped-heat degassing of U and Th-bearing accessory minerals with simultaneous measurement of natural ⁴He (non-uniform bulk distribution) and synthetically produced ³He (uniform bulk distribution) at each step. The ratio evolution of ⁴He/³He measured across all heating steps reflects the spatial distribution of ⁴He within a single crystal, which can be coupled with its (U-Th)/He date to model high-resolution low-temperature thermal histories. Although an exceptionally powerful tool to elucidate disputed drivers of crustal exhumation in various geologic settings (e.g., climatic vs. tectonic mechanisms), the ⁴He/³He method is commonly hindered by the necessity to uniformly synthesize ³He within crystals at concentrations >1x10⁹ atoms/mg for single grain analysis. This high concentration is required to ensure that the ³He released at initial heating steps—where the most important geological information is preserved—is sufficiently above blank-detection limits of modern, highly-sensitive noble gas mass spectrometers. Synthesis of high ³He concentrations is conventionally achieved via the spallation of targeted nuclei during high-energy proton irradiations to fluences >1x10¹⁵ protons/cm²; however, facilities capable of, or willing to, efficiently carry out such anomalously high-fluence irradiations using previously defined methods remain few and far between. Here, we summarize the current state-of-the-art of synthesizing uniform distributions of ³He in geologic materials, and present preliminary ⁴He/³He measurements on gem-quality Durango apatite using conventional and alternative approaches to induce ³He to sufficient concentrations. Alternative approaches include (1) in-vacuum proton-irradiation with a narrowly focused proton beam to maximize intensities for short-duration experiments, and (2) direct uniform ³He implantation via sample exposure to an energy-modulated ³He beam. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both conventional and alternative methods in regards to ³He uniformity, concentration limitations, crystal lattice damage, efficiency, post-experiment ‘cool-down’ times, and accessibility. Both alternative approaches are considerably less demanding on particle accelerator facilities, and can significantly reduce the post-experiment waiting time required to safely handle activated samples. Accordingly, these approaches, if proven successful, yield great promise to improve the accessibility and efficiency of routine ⁴He/³He analyses for geologic applications.

How to cite: Colleps, C., van der Beek, P., Amalberti, J., and Bernard, M.: Synthesizing uniform 3He concentrations in accessory minerals for 4He/3He thermochronology: Current status, complications, and prospects, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3544, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3544, 2022.

The Southern Alps of New Zealand are among the world’s most active mountain ranges, with extremely high rates of exhumation and erosion. This place is therefore well suited to observe and comprehend sediment production at catchment scale and to study Quaternary landscape evolution.

Common methods to quantify erosion of a landscape include estimation of the suspended sediment yield (SSY), which is a proxy for short-term erosion rates, or measurement of cosmogenic ¹⁰Be concentrations in fluvial sediments, a demanding method that offers reliable erosion rates representative of larger time-span (millennial). Here, we propose single-grain post-infrared luminescence (SG-pIRIR) as a potential new proxy for erosion rates.  We test this approach by comparing SG-pIRIR results with catchment-wide erosion rates obtained using conventional ¹⁰Be measurements for eight catchments of the New Zealand Southern Alps.

¹⁰Be results demonstrate North-South and East-West gradients in erosion rates, ranging from 0.2 to 4.0 mm/yr, with the fastest towards South-West. The North-South gradient is consistent with existing data of Larsen et al., (2014), that present even higher rates to the south of our study area. We suggest that spatial gradient in erosion rate reflects a tectonic uplift gradient related to northward segmentation of the Alpine fault, coupled to an East-West climatic gradient, related to orographic effect.

Recently, luminescence signals have been proposed as a new tool to study exhumation, exposure histories and erosion, with various approaches including luminescence-depth profiles (Sohbati et al., 2018), luminescence thermochronometry (Herman and King, 2018) or direct relations between quartz luminescence sensitivity and erosion rates (Sawakuchi et al., 2018). Here, we tested the potential of equivalent dose (D_e) distributions obtained using SG-pIRIR as a proxy for catchment wide erosion rates.

We measured SG-pIRIR D_e distributions from modern fluvial sediments at the outlets of the eight catchments where we estimated ¹⁰Be erosion rates. For each of the samples, we calculated the fraction of grains whose luminescence signal is saturated (Bonnet et al., 2019; Guyez et al., 2022) and the fraction of well-bleached grains from D_e distributions. In addition, we characterized the D_e distribution using central age model (CAM; Galbraith et al., 1999) and bootstrapped minimum age model (MAM; Cunningham et al., 2012). We found a relationship between those four proxies and erosion rates obtained from conventional ¹⁰Be approaches, but also with SSY (Adams, 1980; Hicks et al., 2011) and channel steepness index. These results confirm the potential for this new tool to inform on catchment-wide erosion rates.

Further work should be undertaken to test this relation in other settings, and also to better comprehend the interplay of processes affecting luminescence signals of feldspar grains in fluvial deposits, with the perspective to use it as an independent reliable tool to reconstruct and possibly quantify erosion and transport processes in a wide range of fluvial settings.

How to cite: Guyez, A., Bonnet, S., Reimann, T., Wilkinson, C., Carretier, S., Norton, K., and Wallinga, J.: Does luminescence of modern fluvial sediments vary according to erosion rate? A comparison between single-grain feldspar p-IRIR dose distributions and 10Be cosmogenic catchment-wide erosion rate in the Southern Alps of New Zealand, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-5390, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-5390, 2022.

*Georges Aumaître, Didier L. Bourlès, Karim Keddadouche

Located in northeastern France, the Vosges Mountains (VM) belongs to these Hercynian ranges strewn across the European alpine foreland. Peaking at ~1425 m of elevation, it presents four contrasting primary characteristics. Firstly, the geological basement allows a bipartite N-S subdivision: the Palaeozoic southern part (crystalline Vosges) composed of various igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks contrasts with the much more homogeneous Triassic cover in the northern part (sandstone Vosges). Secondly, a clear E-W topographic gradient is reflected by steep hillslopes on the eastern side (Alsace) and gently-sloping hillslopes on the western side (Lorraine). Thirdly, a sharp W-E precipitation gradient (>1000mm/yr) is recorded between the windward and the leeward side. Finally, the imprint left by Quaternary climatic fluctuations yields a N-S gradient: whereas the crystalline Vosges hosted abundant valley glaciers, the sandstone Vosges were void of ice cover.

Owing to these advantageous characteristics, this contribution aims to present the first data of catchment-wide denudation at the massif scale and to explore the long-term interactions between denudation, lithological control, morphometry and climatic forcing. Modern stream sediments from 21 river catchments draining the whole massif were sampled for in situ ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al concentration measurements at the outlet of their mountainous reach. The mean Channel Steepness Index (k_sn) was computed as a morphometric “predictor” of denudation rates. Groups of lithologically uniform catchments were statistically identified based on their lithological surficial proportions.

Catchment-wide denudation rates inferred from cosmogenic ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al concentrations range from 33 to 83 mm/ka and 38 to 337 mm/ka, respectively. The [²⁶Al]/[¹⁰Be] ratio range from 1.43 to 7.96, highlighting a complex exposure history for the glaciated catchments. At the massif scale, results show (i) no relation between denudation and steepness, (ii) a strong positive relation between denudation and precipitations when lithological groups are considered and (iii) a negative relation between the surficial proportion of fluvio-glacial deposits in the catchment and the [²⁶Al]/[¹⁰Be] ratio.

To our knowledge, this contribution is the first massif-scale attempt to quantify denudation in an European low- to medium-altitude mountain range. This is especially relevant as long-term landscape evolution in the Variscan belt, by contrast to the numerous works focusing on denudation in high-mountains ranges (e.g. the Alps), has been regularly disregarded in recent geomorphological studies. Importantly, whereas a vast majority of studies measuring denudation rates rely on ¹⁰Be concentrations only, this study highlights the need of using a pair of cosmogenic nuclides (i.e. ²⁶Al/¹⁰Be) to check whether stream sediments in formerly glaciated catchments have experienced complex exposure history.

How to cite: Jautzy, T., Rixhon, G., Braucher, R., Schmitt, L., and Team*, A.: Measuring 10Be and 26Al concentrations in stream sediments from the Vosges Mountains (NE France) to explore the respective role of lithologic, topographic and climatic control on massif-wide denudation, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-5435, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-5435, 2022.

The Yarlung Tsangpo River follows the Indus-Tsangpo suture through the southern Tibetan Plateau, and then becomes the Brahmaputra, following a bend into India through the Yarlung Tsangpo Gorge. In the middle reaches, narrow gorges alternate with broad valleys (Zhang, et al. 1998). In the section with steep and narrow gorges, the river is easily dammed by landslides, glaciers and/or moraines, rock avalanches and debris flows. Palaeo-lake sediments were discovered in the broad Xigazê valley and Dazhuka-Yueju gorge in the middle reach of the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet. The river was likely dammed by a glacier and/or moraine at the eastern end of the Dazhuka-Yueju gorge. AMS ¹⁴C and OSL ages of lacustrine sediments indicate the palaeo-lake was formed during the period from ~30.2 to 32.3 cal. kyr BP, and failed at ~13.2 cal. kyr BP (Hu et al., 2018). The elevation of the dammed lake was 3811 m a.s.l., and its length, maximum water depth, and volume were 185 km, 211 m, and ~22.55 km³, respectively (Hu et al., 2022). The volume of the sediment was ~11.56 km³, which was calculated from the dam location, sediment surface elevation, and the ASTER GDEM2 data. Therefore, the backwater volume was 10.99 km³, and the peak flood possibly exceeded 3.4 × 10⁵ m³/s during the dam failure. The dammed palaeo-lakes in the vallyes downstream of the middle Yarlung Tsangpo River were also discharged during ~13 ka, and they were likely interconnected by hydrological processes. Hence, the failure of the dam and related flooding from the Dazhuka-Yueju gorge probably triggered a chain reaction of dam failures downstream, forming a megaflood. However, the dammed event in the Dazhuka-Yueju valley probably had a limited effect on the landforms at downstream because of the presence of another dammed palaeo-lake in the broad Zetang valley. So the ages of the dammed palaeo-lakes at the middle Yarlung Tsangpo River need to constrained more precisely.

References

Hu, H.-P., Feng, J.-L., Chen, F., 2018. Sedimentary records of a palaeo-lake in the middle Yarlung Tsangpo: Implications for terrace genesis and outburst flooding. Quaternary Science Reviews, 192, 135-148.

Hu, H.-P., Liu, J.-H., Feng, J.-L., Ye, C.-S., Lv, F., Chen, F., Gong, Z.-J., Chen, L.-Q., Du, D.-D., 2022. Geomorphic processes of a dammed palaeo-lake in the middle Yarlung Tsangpo River, Tibet. Science of the Total Environment, 811C, 151949.

Zhang, D.D., 1998. Geomorphological problems of the middle reaches of the Tsangpo River, Tibet. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23(10): 889-903.

How to cite: Hu, H.-P., Feng, J.-L., and King, G.: A dammed palaeo-lake at the middle Yarlung Tsangpo River, Tibet, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6716, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6716, 2022.

The Wutach capture is one of the most prominent river captures in central Europe. Subsidence of the Upper Rhine Graben and subsequent incision of tributaries to the Hochrhein led to the piracy of the Danube-Wutach draining the Feldberg region of the Black Forest at ~18 ka. The sudden lowering of the base level led to headward incision of the Wutach and the formation of numerous fluvial knickpoints along the trunk river and its tributaries. These knickpoints represent excellent markers that enable testing several hypotheses including the role of bedrock erodibility, the impact of deglaciation, and mechanisms that control the diversion of the Wutach. Here we present a geomorphometric approach predicated on the stream-power incision model to test these hypotheses. We show that the spatial distribution of knickpoints upstream of the capture is consistent with predictions by the stream-power model. Including proxy information about deglaciation change the parameters of the model, but only slightly increase the fit between modelled and observed knickpoint locations. By comparing estimates of the erodibility derived from knickpoints to those derived from catchment-wide denudation rates in nearby catchments, we observe differences of the order of two magnitudes. The difference in these estimates may can be explained by several processes including channel-bed armouring by sediment. We conclude that stream power parameters derived from the spatial distribution of knickpoints in the Wutach catchment are representative of exceptional (short-term) erosional conditions right after the capture event, rather than of landscape evolution on longer-term geological timescales.

How to cite: Schwanghart, W., Tofelde, S., Scherler, D., Ott, R., Ludwig, A., and Landgraf, A.: Geomorphometric constraints on the development of the Wutach capture, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7356, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7356, 2022.

In global geochemical cycles, the solid flux from the continent to the ocean is usually reduced to the input of sediments from rivers [1]. However, regional studies have shown that the input of sediments from rocky coast erosion may be a significant part of this flux [2]. So, it is important to consider this input into global cycles and to quantify it over different timescales.

On short-term timescales, from the year to the century, coastal erosion is currently quantified with direct measurement of the coastline recession, between successive time intervals [3]. Extrapolating on timescales longer than a thousand years is difficult. This leads to a lack of data and therefore a gap in knowledge in longer term coastal erosion [4].

A solution to quantify long-term erosion of rocky coast is to reconstruct the initial geometry of the coastline and to know the age of its formation. Volcanic islands are suitable objects for this method. Indeed, their initial shape is simple and can be easily reconstructed, and their maximum extension can be dated [5,6,7], although this age can be difficult to estimate. Thus, the topographic reconstruction of a volcanic island allows, by comparison with its current topography, the quantification of volumes lost by erosion. In turn, it becomes possible to obtain values of the rocky coast total recession on timescales from thousands to hundreds of thousands of years [8]. Moreover, the wide geographic distribution of volcanic islands provides a diversity of climatic and geodynamic settings allowing to analyze the effects of various factors on long-term coastal erosion.

Here we propose an improvement of this erosion quantification by accounting for the submarine morphology. Applying this approach for different volcanic islands, we carried out a statistical analysis of the impact of several factors that control long-term coastal erosion. This analysis allows us hierarchize these factors. This is the first step towards the formulation of long-term coastal erosion universal laws and towards the quantification of rocky coast sediment influx in global cycles.

[1] Milliman and Farnsworth (2013). Cambridge University Press.

[2] Regard et al. (in press).

[3] Bird (2011). John Wiley & Sons.

[4] Prémaillon et al. (2018). Earth Surface Dynamics 6, 651-668.

[5] Lahitte et al. (2012). Geomorphology 136, 148-164.

[6] Ramalho et al. (2013). Earth-Science Reviews 127, 140-170.

[7] Karátson et al. (2016). Geomorphology 253, 123-134.

[8] Bossis et al. (in press).

How to cite: Bossis, R., Regard, V., and Carretier, S.: The hierarchy of factors controlling long-term coastal erosion: a statistical approach from topographic reconstruction of volcanic islands., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8000, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8000, 2022.

The impact of Quaternary glaciation on rates of erosion and the timing of Alpine valley incision remains disputed. This is mainly due to a lack of geochronological methods that cover the timespan of 10³-10⁶ years. While conventional thermochronometers like (U-Th-He) in apatite can constrain timescales of 10⁶ years, and cosmogenic nuclide (CN) dating timescales of 10¹-10³ years, it remains difficult to resolve changes in erosion rates at the timescale of glacial/interglacial cycles. To fill this temporal gap, we develop electron spin resonance (ESR) thermochronometry using both the Al and Ti centres in quartz. The combination of ESR and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) thermochronometry, as well as numerical modelling approaches, will allow the development of a multi-thermochronometric system to understand rock cooling histories, enabling changes in erosion rates to be related to glacial advance and retreat.

In this study, we focus on the western European Alps, which were intensively glaciated during the Quaternary. Three vertical transects are targeted in the Rhône valley, which is thought to have substantially deepened around 1 million years ago[1]. The first transect consists of seven quartz samples, which were used for (i) optimizing the measurement protocols (i.e., preheat conditions, dose recovery), (ii) analyzing ESR signal growth and thermal stability of the Al and Ti signals to estimate kinetic trap parameters; and (iii) inverting the ESR data to constrain rock cooling histories.

A series of laboratory experiments show the potential of the single aliquot regenerative dose protocol. The Al and Ti signals show similar thermal stability between different samples in the same transect and yield mid-Pleistocene ages. Preliminary inversion of the data shows that the low closure temperatures of the Al and Ti signals in quartz allow the Late Quaternary exhumation of the Alpine valleys to be resolved. Our new ESR thermochronometry results will be supported by OSL thermochronometry measurements, CN dating and also the high density of existing thermochronometric data [e.g. 1] providing new insights into the glacial incision history during the Quaternary and especially how erosion rates varied temporally under a changing climate.

Keywords glacial erosion; landscape evolution; ESR; European Alps

Reference:

[1] Valla, P.G., D.L. Shuster, and P.A. van der Beek. 2011. Significant increase in relief of the European Alps during mid-Pleistocene glaciations, Nature Geoscience. 4(10): p. 688-692.

How to cite: wen, X., Bartz, M., Anderson, L., and King, G.: Deciphering rock cooling histories in the European Alps using ESR and OSL thermochronometry, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8054, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8054, 2022.

During Late Quaternary time, the paleoclimate of the eastern Sahara was punctuated by multiple pluvial periods, then dramatically and cyclically transformed to hyperarid conditions, receiving less than 2 mm/yr of precipitation at present. Geologists, climate modelers, and archaeologists, therefore, have used various proxies to reconstruct past climates during that time, a crucial period for human habitation and migration. These reconstructions, however, lack the precipitation pattern during those pluvial periods, which represents a significant control on weighing the hypotheses of human migrations and occupations. Here we reconstruct the chronology and paleohydrology of a set of fossil rivers expressed by ridges in the modern landscape due to differential erosion. Our ¹⁴C and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) ages of sediments preserved in these ancient rivers cluster within the last African Humid Period (AHP; ca. 14.8 – 5.5 ka BP) and hence support more significant fluvial activity during this distinct humid epoch. Based on median grain size (D₅₀), paleochannel geometry, and drainage area, paleohydraulic reconstructions indicate that typical precipitation intensities of 55–80 mm/h occurred during sediment transport events. When combined with previous annual rainfall estimates, we find that such rainfall intensities were likely 3–4 times more frequent during the AHP. These climatic perturbations may have rendered some parts of the Nile River Valley inhospitable for occupation, driving humans to migrate away in the northwest and west of the Nile Valley between 10.2 and 7.2 ka BP. Ultimately, our results, along with the archeological data, tell a tale from the past of the dramatic climatic changes that our planet undergoes, demonstrating the critical role of climate in sustaining human populations. 

How to cite: Zaki, A., King, G., Haghipour, N., Giegengack, R., Watkins, S., Gupta, S., Schuster, M., Khairy, H., Ahmed, S., El-Wakil, M., Eltayeb, S., Herman, F., and Castelltort, S.: Intense precipitation during the African Humid Period inferred from east Saharan fossil rivers: Implications for human dispersal  , EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10420, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10420, 2022.

The Variscan orogeny lasted from the Late Devonian to the Early Permian and resulted in a mountain range whose remnants can be found today in North America, Northern Africa, Europe and Asia. Although the mountain range was almost completely eroded to peneplains in the Permian, today the Variscan massifs (e.g., Appalachians, Massif Central, the Black Forest, Bohemian Massif) feature hilly to mountainous topography with peak elevations exceeding 1500 metres. This indicates surface uplift during the last million years. Clearly, the latest surface uplift is unrelated to the original mountain building phase, but cause, wavelength, timing and rates are still disputed.

Several Variscan massifs are characterised by low relief surfaces, rounded hilltops and graded river profiles with low channel gradients at higher elevations, but deeply incised rivers with migrating knickpoints and steep valley flanks prone to mass wasting at lower elevations near the base level of the receiving streams. This landscape bimodality may indicate temporal and/or spatial variations in uplift rates. Although these massifs have been studied extensively, the driving forces for relief rejuvenation are still unknown.

We investigate relief rejuvenation using two approaches, landscape metrics and low-temperature thermochronometry. This allows us to constrain landscape dynamics on different timescales, with both approaches covering the post-orogenic period. We use the Bohemian Massif as pilot study area, encompassing parts of Germany, Austria, Czech Republic and Poland. First results from the geomorphic analyses allow quantifying the observed landscape bimodality, with highest k_sn values at lower reaches of tributaries of the Danube River. Distinct across divide gradients in χ with low χ values on the Danube side indicate that the Danube tributaries feature a higher channel steepness on average than those of the Vltava. Assuming spatially uniform uplift rates and bedrock properties, across-divide gradients in χ may provide evidence for a northward migration of the watershed. In this case, the Danube catchment would grow at the expense of the Vltava catchment.

In addition, we compiled existing cooling ages from the Bohemian Massif to see if similar patterns can be observed on longer timescales. First results show that in the Sudetes in the NE of the Massif, cooling ages found at high altitude areas are predominantly Late Cretaceous, while in lower areas Late to Middle Paleogene cooling ages prevail. South of the Sudetes, in the Austrian Mühlviertel region, this trend seems to be reversed. Local younger ages (late Mesozoic) are found in the higher reaches, while Jurassic cooling ages dominate in the lower sections. However, the relief rejuvenation identified in the geomorphological analysis does not appear to be reflected in this thermochronological data. To reconcile these findings and determine the spatial extent of the different cooling patterns, more low-T thermochronological data is currently processed.

How to cite: Dremel, F., Robl, J., von Hagke, C., and Stüwe, K.: Combining landscape evolution modelling and low T thermochronology to determine the driving forces of relief rejuvenation, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-11065, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11065, 2022.

Cosmogenic noble gas isotope ²¹Ne in terrestrial rocks has been used primarily to determine timing and rates of the Earth’s surface evolution. Here we explore the ability of detrital ²¹Ne as a provenance tracer, considering that Ne isotopes produced in source rocks could be preserved in minerals over geological time and might be predominant in total Ne inventory of sediments sunk in basins. This ability is predicated on potential source terranes of a given stratigraphic section with distinct neon isotopic signatures. Here we analyze neon isotopes of a well-dated Miocene–Pleistocene sedimentary archives in Kuqa foreland basin of southern Tianshan. The data suggest that the neon isotopic signature, which is expressed as ε_Ne and defined in this work as the excess ²¹Ne/²⁰Ne-ratio relative to atmospheric ratio, is stratigraphically sensitive to changes in local source terranes. This result is compatible with U/Pb provenance analysis and also supported by evidences from sandstone petrography and heavy mineral analysis. Influence of other non-source related ²¹Ne components in sedimentary archives on sensitivity of ε_Ne has proven to be negligible. Furthermore, the integrated stratigraphic signatures of neon isotope and U/Pb age permit the detection of differential erosion in drainage basin, by which the tectonic or climatic effects on geomorphic evolution could be deciphered.

How to cite: Ma, Y., Zheng, D., Zhang, H., and Pang, J.: Neon isotopic signature applied to detrital provenance assignment in foreland basins, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3670, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3670, 2022.

Cosmogenic Ne is used to record timing and rates of surface processes on the Earth and Moon and the time of meteorite release from parent bodies. Precise determination of neon isotopes in rocks and minerals has improved in the last ten years largely as a consequence of developments in mass spectrometry and associated electronics.  In this presentation we will report the performance of an ARGUS VI mass spectrometer tuned for cosmogenic Ne determinations from both extra-terrestrial and terrestrial material. The instrument is connected to an automated laser gas extraction and purification system and has several advantages over off-the-shelf instrumentation. The remote operation of sample heating, gas purification, separation and isotope analysis increases sample throughput, and the exact repetition of the procedures and overnight determination of calibrations and blank measurements improves data quality, facilitates determination of isobaric interferences and eases trouble shooting. The low static volume results in high sensitivity, while the stable electronics and multi-collection allows high precision Ne isotope determinations in terrestrial and extra-terrestrial samples that are significantly smaller than typically analysed to date.

Two analytical protocols are applied depending on sample Ne concentration. Multi-collection Faraday mode is used for extra-terrestrial material. This yields a 4-fold improvement in the overall uncertainty of the Ne isotope ratios (0.5%) compared to that obtained using 5-10x larger samples in peak-jumping mode on our workhorse instrument. Cosmogenic Ne determinations in 20-30 mg of terrestrial material are made using the compact discrete dynode detector in peak-jumping.  Replicate analysis of CREU-1 quartz yields reproducibility of ±3.7% (1σ), comparable to the data quality for 5-10x more material.  In addition to instrument performance characterisation, we will summarise data from studies of terrestrial and extra-terrestrial material that demonstrate routine capability.

How to cite: Di Nicola, L., Györe, D., Hamilton, D., and Stuart, F.: Improved cosmogenic Ne measurements using ThermoFisher ARGUS VI, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-5671, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-5671, 2022.

Soil production and denudation are important and opposing processes that ultimately determine soil formation trajectories and, thus, the landscape. High mountainous areas are geomorphologically active environments and are strongly shaped by the redistribution of sediments and soils. With global warming and the subsequent retreat of glaciers, these processes become increasingly important. New areas having fresh and mostly unweathered glacial till is exposed and soils start to form. The dynamics of soil production and denudation in these high-mountainous landscapes are, however, not yet fully understood. We therefore aimed at exploring the relationship between soil production and denudation at different stages of soil development. This was done by comparing a calcareous and a siliceous soil chronosequence in the central Swiss Alps over the last about 14 kyr. We calculated element mass balances to determine weathering rates and measured short- and long-term erosion rates based on meteoric ^239+240Puand¹⁰Be. In both chronosequences, the erosion rates were highest in the young soils (on average 5−10 t ha^-1 a^-1 soil loss). Erosion rates decreased markedly after 3−5 ka of soil development (on average 1−2.5 t ha^-1a^-1 soil loss) to reach a more or less stable situation after 10−14 ka (on average 0.3–2 t ha^-1a^-1). Chemical weathering and soil production rates also decreased over time, particularly on the calcareous soil sequence.

Depending on the relief and vegetational development, it takes up to 10 ka to reach soil and slope stability. Despite the very high erosion rates, particularly at the start of soil formation, mineral dissolution and transformation reactions are detected and a high rate of organic matter accumulation is measured. Soil production rates reach under such conditions extreme values. In the early stages of soil development, the parent material mainly drives soil formation while at later stages the vegetation becomes more dominant as it promotes surface stability, complex hydrological pathways and chemical weathering that determine water drainage and retention dynamics.

How to cite: Egli, M. and Musso, A.: Soil dynamics at its extremes: insights from cosmogenic and fallout radioactive nuclides, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7018, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7018, 2022.

We have developed a method for routine processing of pyroxenes for cosmogenic ¹⁰Be analyses, offering a multi-nuclide (³He/¹⁰Be) approach for mafic terranes. Analyzing multiple cosmogenic nuclides from the same rock/mineral (most commonly, ²⁶Al/¹⁰Be and ¹⁰Be/²¹Ne in quartz) enables quantification of complex exposure histories, including burial times, and erosion and denudation rates. This requires measurement of at least two cosmogenic nuclides whose production ratios and systematics are well known. For example, in quartz-bearing lithologies, the ²⁶Al-¹⁰Be pair is routinely used because the production ratio of ~7 is relatively well constrained. In mafic lithologies, the ³He-¹⁰Be pair is a viable candidate for multi-nuclide studies because ³He is routinely measured in pyroxenes, and preliminary studies demonstrate that beryllium extraction from pyroxene grains is possible. Despite the potential of this nuclide pair, there is not yet a simple method for extracting beryllium from pyroxenes given that this mineral has high elemental concentrations and retains meteoric ¹⁰Be within the crystal lattice. 

Here, we present a method for beryllium extraction from pyroxenes, modified from the extraction method in quartz, that will enable routine use of the ³He-¹⁰Be pair. We demonstrate that hydrofluoric acid leaching not only allows for separation of large amounts of clean pyroxene, even from fine-grained lithologies such as Ferrar Dolerite, but also successfully removes meteoric ¹⁰Be. The addition of a simple precipitation step prior to ion exchange chromatography adequately reduces the cation load, allowing us to proceed with the same beryllium extraction chemistry used for quartz. Together, this approach allows for routine processing for ¹⁰Be analyses in pyroxene. Using our ¹⁰Be measurements, we present a preliminary ¹⁰Be production rate in pyroxene, referenced to ³He, for the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, meaning that the ³He-¹⁰Be pair can already be used to evaluate complex exposure histories. With this result, we are optimistic that the presented extraction method opens new opportunities for multi-nuclide applications in mafic lithologies. 

How to cite: Balter-Kennedy, A., Schaefer, J., Schwartz, R., Penrose, L., Lamp, J., and Winckler, G.: 10Be analysis in pyroxene - a method for routine chemical extraction, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10824, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10824, 2022.

Sequences of Holocene marine terraces are widely used in paleoseismic research to understand the timing and magnitude of earthquakes along tectonically active coastal margins worldwide. But the potential for marine terraces to be destroyed through erosion after uplift can result in incomplete records of paleoseismicity as derived from terrace chronologies, leading to misinterpretations of the paleoseismic history of a region. Here, we present measurements across a unique set of exposed bedrock marine terraces in the north-eastern South Island, NZ, to quantify the ages and erosion rates of the surfaces and produce a new chronology for paleoseismic interpretation. Surface exposure dating and multi-nuclide approaches offer the potential to quantify marine terrace preservation and destruction, potentially elucidating where terraces may be missing or removed from a sequence. Needles Point, Marlborough, NZ exhibits three well defined bare rock marine terraces and a gravel covered shore platform which was recently uplifted ~2.5m in the M_W 7.8 2016 Kaikōura earthquake. ¹⁰Be-derived ages for the platform surface and terrace 1 (T1) align with known ground surface rupturing earthquakes on the Kekerengu fault. T2 and T3 preserve older events not previously identified, potentially extending the earthquake record in this region. However, other known ground surface rupturing earthquakes on the Kekerengu fault are not preserved as terraces at Needles indicating that the preserved terraces at Needles Point do not therefore represent a full record of local paleoseismicity. As such, estimates of fault throw derived from these terraces would over-estimate earthquake magnitude.

How to cite: McLean, A., Dickson, M., Norton, K., Wilcken, K., Stephenson, W., and Litchfield, N.: Cosmogenic 10Be from uplifted bedrock marine terraces indicates revised Holocene earthquake intensity for northeast South Island, New Zealand, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-11019, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11019, 2022.

Geomorphologists classically compute denudation rates from in situ cosmogenic ¹⁰Be concentrations. A major assumption is that denudation rates remain steady during the ¹⁰Be integration time scale. But early ¹⁴C-¹⁰Be data we presented last year at this conference suggested that this is hardly tested in environments slowly deformed by tectonics, with integration time covering thousands of years, and erosion rates from 10 to 100 mm/ky.

Here, we extended our ¹⁴C-¹⁰Be dataset to test recent and substantial shifts in denudation. ¹⁴C is more sensitive than ¹⁰Be to recent and short-term changes in denudation, because of a shorter half-life (5,700 y versus 1.4 My). Studies (Hippe, 2017; Mudd, 2017; Skov et al., 2019; Hippe et al., 2021) have discussed this application of coupled ¹⁴C - ¹⁰Be measurements.

We carried out in situ ¹⁴C measurements on river sand which has available ¹⁰Be date (Desormeaux et Al., 2021). The studied mountain range is called Massif Central and is west of the European Alp foreland, in southern France. Elevation is ~700 m on average, with an elevated low-relief surface and a steep escarpment along the Cevennes Fault bordering the Alp foreland. The area has a homogeneous lithology rich in quartz. Past glaciations were of limited extent. There is little space for sediment storage, thin soils, no dams, and presently limited anthropic activity. Massif Central is only impacted by slow tectonic deformation. Landslides are very rare but erosion processes are active.

Our new ¹⁴C results combined with Desormeaux et al., 2021's ¹⁰Be data confirm the substantial ¹⁴C-¹⁰Be disequilibrium. ¹⁴C apparent denudation rates are several times higher than ¹⁰Be denudation rates. We explore four end-members which could explain such a disequilibrium. This exploration suggests that only major and recent events in denudation could produce such a disequilibrium, and that the landscape we presently see is rather transient than steady.

How to cite: Lenard, S., Lupker, M., Schimmelpfennig, I., Godard, V., Desormeaux, C., Haghipour, N., Aumaître, G., Keddadouche, K., and Zaidi, F.: In situ 14C-10Be disequilibrium suggests a recent and major denudation event of French Massif Central, despite slow tectonic deformation., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-11507, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11507, 2022.

Rockwall erosion due to rockfalls is one of the most efficient erosion processes in the highest parts of mountain ranges. It is therefore important to quantify this erosion to understand the long-term evolution of mountainous topography. In this study, we analyze how the ¹⁰Be concentration of supraglacial debris can be used to quantify the rockwall erosion in a glacierized catchment. We first analyse the cascade of processes that move a block from a rockwall to a supraglacial location and propose a quantitative estimate of the number of rockfalls statistically mixed in a supraglacial sand sample. This model incorporates the extent of the rockwall, a power law distribution of the volume of the rockfalls and the mean glacial transport velocity.

In the case of 10 glaciers of the Mont Blanc massif, the ¹⁰Be concentrations obtained from 45 supraglacial samples vary from 92 ±3 to 1.69 ± 0.3 × 10⁴ atoms g^-1.

Our analysis suggests that part of the ¹⁰Be concentration dispersion is related to an insufficient number of amalgamated rockfalls that does not erase the stochastic nature of the rockwall erosion. In the latter case, the concentration of several collected samples is averaged to increase the number of statistically amalgamated rockfalls.

Variable and robust ¹⁰Be-derived rockwall retreat rates are obtained for 25 distinct rockfall zones in the Mont Blanc massif and vary from 0.07 ±0.01 to 4.33 ±1.2 mm.a^-1. These retreat rates depend mainly on the slope angle, orientation and thermal regime (presence/absence of permafrost in particular).

How to cite: Courtial-Manent, L., Sarr, A.-C., Schwing, A., Gasnier, T., Mugnier, J.-L., Carcaillet, J., Ravanel, L., and Buoncristiani, J.-F.: Rockwall erosion in high mountain areas: Estimation from in situ-produced 10Be concentrations measured on supraglacial clasts (Mont Blanc massif, France), EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-11561, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11561, 2022.

Applications of in situ produced cosmogenic ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al for age determination of rock surfaces and sediments use quartz containing lithologies, because these nuclides are produced and retained within the crystal lattice of this mineral. To be able to calculate reliable ages, it is essential to work with pure quartz grains. The most problematic contaminant is the mineral feldspar for three reasons: 1) ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al can also be produced in feldspar but at a different production rate 2) feldspar contains copious amounts of Al and can thus contribute stable Al (²⁷Al) in high amounts 3) it is ubiquitous and often intergrown with quartz. This leads to problems during sample processing and during Accelerator Mass Spectrometry  measurement where the rare nuclide ²⁶Al may reach its detection limit.

During sample processing the crushed and sieved rock samples are subject of physical (magnetic-, shape- and density separation) and chemical (leaching in acids) cleaning steps in order to remove all minerals (e.g. feldspars, mica, amphiboles, etc.) and have the quartz grains concentrated and purified. If the sample is sufficiently clean (i.e. the Al content is below 200 ppm) the purified quartz can enter total dissolution as the next step of nuclide extraction.

Several methods are used to check the mineralogical composition and the quality of the purified quartz sample. 1) Optical investigation using a binocular microscope, 2) X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of mineralogy, 3) Al content analysis after digestion and element detection as high Al content is indicative of the presence of Al containing minerals like feldspars or mica within the pure quartz fraction.

Each of those methods has individual limitations. Optical investigation may be hindered by the etched surface and quartz may look surprisingly similar to feldspar after etching. XRD has its detection limit at c. 5%, and with respect to Al content analysis, some quartz-types may naturally contain larger amounts of Al. Besides, chemical analysis as well as XRD – if not available in house – may have a long waiting time and high costs.

Here we report first results of exploring the potential of luminescence as a fast and cost-efficient alternative method to determine the content of contaminant feldspars in quartz as infrared stimulation only excites feldspars, but not quartz. The experimental setup consists of a parallel analysis of the samples using XRD to detect the bulk mineralogy, element analysis by ICP-OES analysis, and luminescence analyses, in order to develop a short, efficient luminescence measurement sequence reliably detecting feldspar contamination in samples for cosmogenic dating. While some results are promising for individual samples, the results for other samples are still ambiguous. The respective data will be presented at the conference.

This study was supported by the following projects: OMAA 105ou4, NKFIH 124807.

How to cite: Lüthgens, C., Neuhuber, S., Novothny, Á., and Ruszkiczay-Rüdiger, Z.: Development of a new rapid method for quartz purity control by luminescence for cosmogenic nuclide dating, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-12050, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12050, 2022.

Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (or National Research Centre on Human Evolution, CENIEH) is located in Burgos, northern Spain. The centre is dedicated to human evolution research worldwide, including Atapuerca, a world heritage archaeological site where the oldest human fossil in Europe to date have been discovered. To support the needs of characterising geological and sedimentological context of archaeological sites, the institute also features a wide range of geological analysis (e.g., Laser diffraction grain size analyser, XRD, XRF, Raman Spectroscopy, SEM, Micro CT, Digital mapping and 3D analysis) and geochronology laboratories (including palaeomagnetism, OSL, ESR and U-series). In 2020, a new cosmogenic nuclide dating research line has initiated to strengthen the existing geochronological capabilities in the centre, particularly, at timescales of early-mid Pleistocene and beyond. To date, we have established a procedure for routine quartz separation and ¹⁰Be-²⁶Al extraction. Current projects include ¹⁰Be-²⁶Al burial/isochron dating of cave deposits, fluvial terraces and artefacts in the context of archaeological and landscape evolution research. In this paper, we present a general setup of the laboratory, its capacity and current projects as well as future prospective.

How to cite: Fujioka, T., Miguens, L., Iglesias, J., Jiménez, F., Sarró, M. I., and Parés, J. M.: New cosmogenic nuclide dating laboratory in CENIEH, Spain, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-12056, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12056, 2022.

The ability to measure cosmogenic ³He from individual detrital mineral grains [1] provides the potential to tease out details of sediment storage and transport that are unavailable from bulk sample analysis, and may, for instance, shed light on the conditions necessary to form economic alluvial placer deposits. While extremely long exposure histories have been measured in detrital grains from unglaciated regions [1], the effect of repeated glacial cycles in removing economically valuable detrital minerals is unknown. Here we report the cosmogenic ³He content of 36 (2-50 mg) native gold grains from the beds of 8 streams in upland Scotland in order to determine their ability to survive glaciation.

Measured ⁴He concentrations vary from 4 to 299 x 10¹³ atoms/g these variation on the ⁴He concentrations may be related to the presence of U and Th in the mineral lattice or U- and Th-rich mineral inclusions. Based on measured Li contents (<1 ppb) the nucleogenic ³He contribution in all samples is negligible. Minimum cosmogenic ³He exposure ages have been determined using production rate of 25 atoms/g/year and assuming no shielding.  33 grains yield exposure ages that are consistent with survival of detrital gold from before the Last Glacial Maximum (i.e > 20 Ka). These grains yield ages up to 4 Ma.   This implies that a significant proportion of the detrital gold has survived several glacial cycles and may have implications for long-term preservation of economic minerals in glaciated regions.

[1] O. Yakubovich, F.M. Stuart, A. Nesterenok & A. Carracedo (2019). Chemical Geology 517, 22-33.

How to cite: Carracedo Plumed, A., di Nicola, L., Olive, V., and Stuart, F.: Long-term survival of detrital gold in glaciated landscape based on cosmogenic 3He in detrital grains from Scotland, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-13085, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-13085, 2022.

Taiwan, due to the high seismicity and high annual rainfall, numerous landslides triggered frequently, thus caused severe social impacts. Landslides pose long-lasting threats to humans and their property and are detrimental to the environment in general. The vigorous development of geospatial information technology has not only achieved good results in land monitoring, but has also been gradually extended to other application fields. Hazards monitoring is one of the important applications. Geospatial information can be obtained through surveying and mapping technology, and through multi-temporal geospatial data, the production, migration and migration of debris deposits can be quantitatively evaluated in a reasonable time and space in catchment scale. In recent years, the development and integration of MEMS technology has contributed to the rapid development of UAV measurement. This goal can be achieved due to the advantages of UAVs, such as efficiency, timeliness, low cost, and easy operation in severe weather conditions. The real-time, clear and comprehensive low- and middle-altitude photos of the area can be used as the most basic and important spatial information for research and analysis.

Based on the aforementioned technologies, some specific potential landslides situated in the Laonongshi Stream southern Taiwan was been assigned. In order to evaluate potential hazards and hazard monitoring, multi-temporal high precision terrain geomorphology in different periods is essential. For these purpose, we integrate several technologies, especially by unmanned aircraft system imageries and existed airphotos, to acquire and to establish the geoinfomatic datasets. The methods, including, (1) Remote-sensing images gathered by UAS and by aerial photos taken in different periods; (2) UAV LiDAR acquired in different periods; (3) field in-situ ground control points and check points installation and geomatic measurement; (4) 3D geomorphological virtual reality model construction; (5) Geologic, morphotectonic and landslide micro-geomorphologic analysis; (6) DEM of difference from multi-temporal dataset to evaluate the topographic and environment changes. We focused on the potential large-scale deep-seated landslides, acquired high-precision and high-resolution DTMs, proving as the essential geoinformatic datasets, so as able to monitoring the slope behavior and to decipher the potential landslide hazard, sediment budgets and the consequence of social impact. The results show that there are still landslide activities in different periods and regions within the study area; different sections of the river channel also have different degrees of siltation or erosion. Therefore, regular monitoring and potential assessment are necessary. The developing methods may apply for other potential large-scale landslide monitoring and assessment in Taiwan, and in world as well.

How to cite: Chang, K.-J., Tseng, C.-W., Hsieh, Y.-C., and Huang, M.-J.: Environmental evolution and Landslide hazard assessment based on UAS multi-sensors, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3443, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3443, 2022.

The deployment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for scientific purposes gained a lot of importance during the last years. The new EU regulations for the use of civil drones, in effect since January 2021, set out a new framework for their safe operation in the European skies. With a risk-based approach the purpose of the drone (leisure or civil) is no longer relevant, but only it’s weight, specifications and operations is considered. Also for scientific use these new rules mean a more elaborate project preparation and require the compilation of a so-called Specific Operational Risk Assessment (SORA) for each individual case.

Here we report on a three years project, in which drones will be flown at altitudes around and above 3000m asl from the Environmental Research Station Schneefernerhaus (UFS), located on the Zugspitze (Northern Limestone Alps, Germany). It is a collaborative initiative of the UFS as lead and coordinator, the TUM Chair of Landslide Research as scientific partner as well as the Georesearch mbH as technical partner. The project is financed by the Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection and started in June 2021. It stands out as an innovative pilot project, pursuing two different goals:

• Expertise should be collected in writing a SORA for the use of drones in high alpine areas, crossing national borders (D/A) and operating beyond the visible line of site. Thereby a broad know-how will be gained that will facilitate future scientific drone missions with the Schneefernerhaus as starting point.
• Scientific data will be collected by means of an IR camera and will record the temperature of the ground, delivering information about the current status of the permafrost-affected steep rockwalls. This will extend the present permafrost monitoring conducted on the Zugspitze (Scandroglio et al., 2021) to wider and unexplored areas. Furthermore the influence of infrastructures and their influence on the bedrock thermal behavior will be identified and monitored.
• An inventory of potential rockfall areas will be recorded by means of optical sensors.

In fall 2021 areas of interest, flight routes and starting positions have been defined. After the installation of targets and rock surface temperature loggers, the first flight has been conducted with a drone of the open category, allowing the collection of the first thermal and RGB datasets. Currently a user-defined UAS gets manufactured and the SORA process – supervised by bavAIRia e. V. – is in process. The next steps will be the use of the new drone at least twice this year (2022) in order to collect more data.

How to cite: Beck, I., Delleske, R., Scandroglio, R., Rehm, T., Keuschnig, M., and Krautblatter, M.: Unmanned Areal Vehicles for permafrost monitoring in high alpine regions within the new EU framework, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3860, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3860, 2022.

Mapping landslide fissures and fractures are essential in understanding the landslide dynamics and evolution across space and time. In the current study, a particular focus on detecting, mapping, and classifying the fissures and fractures located along the landslide bodies and in their vicinity has been given. The depth, direction and width of each fissure and fracture are related to the stress and strain imposed on the landslide body. Moreover, the spatial distribution of these can indicate areas where the landslide can extend, mainly if they are located in the upper part of the main landslide scarp. Even though the fissures and fractures leave a distinct pattern on the landslide body when they are fresh or when there is a high contrast between the bare soil and the surrounding vegetation, these patterns are gradually diminished by time, making their detection difficult. The problem of landslide cracks mapping in various environmental conditions and having different ages was tackled in the current study by using very high spatial resolution UAV aerial imagery and derived products in conjunction with deep learning models. Several flights using DJI Phantom 4 RTK were performed in the Romanian Subcarpathians in areas with both recent and old landslide occurrences. The sampling dataset was collected with Esri ArcGIS Pro on products obtained by the fusion of orthoimages with terrain parameters. The dataset was fed into a Mask RCNN deep learning model with a Resnet152 architecture and trained for 50 epochs. The training and validation reached accuracies of 0.77 and 0.70, estimated from the Intersect over Union metric. No significant differences were recorded between the detection on only orthoimages and the detection on products obtained from the fusion of orthoimages with other terrain parameters. A slight decrease in the validation accuracy was observed when the images were collected on older landslides compared to recent landslides. Overall, the detection of fissures and fractures using deep learning and UAV aerial imagery proved reliable if the UAV flights are flown quickly after the landslide occurrence or after recent rainfalls.

 Acknowledgement

This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Education and Research, CCCDI - UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-5152, within PNCDI III, project coordinator Ionuț Șandric (https://slidemap.gmrsg.ro), and by the project PN19450103 (project coordinator Viorel Ilinca, Geological Institute of Romania).

How to cite: Sandric, I. C., Ilinca, V., Irimia, R., and Chitu, Z.: Landslide fissures and fractures mapping and classification from UAV imagery, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7054, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7054, 2022.

Taiwan island is the result of the active rapid collision of both Eurasian and Philippine Sea Plates with an annual average convergence rate close to 10 cm.y^-1. The relief of Taiwan is composed of the metamorphic slate belt of the Backbone Range (also called Central Range) and to the east the Coastal Range mainly characterized by volcanic affinity. In between those, lay the Longitudinal Valley (125km long and N020°E trending) which is the active crustal suture zone. The latter presents both inter-seismic creeping displacement (Champenois et al., 2013) and was hit by 7 major earthquakes of magnitudes larger than 5 during the last 70 years. It highliths the geohazards importance of this area for any Taiwan citizens.

In order to better constrain the seismic hazards and the earthquake cycles of the place, we settled several years ago numerous UAS surveys above the Coastal Range and the Longitudinal Valley (E. Taiwan) and acquired so many high-resolution photographs using several drones flying at 350 meters above the ground. After photogrammetric processing, we calculate both (1) a high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (UAS-HR-DEM) that takes into account buildings and vegetations, and (2) a Digital Terrain Model (UAS-HR-DTM) corresponding to the ground. Our ground validation (GCP’s) leads us to get 7cm planimetric resolution (X, Y) and below 40cm vertical accuracy. This UAS-HR-DTM combined with field work and a detailed morphostructural analysis permit us to map into much details the structures and consequently to up-date the pre-existing geological mappings (e.g. CGS geological maps, Lin et al., 2009 ; Shyu et al., 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008). Then we combined our new structural scheme with various geodetic data (levelings, GPS…) and PSInSAR results (Champenois 2011, and Champenois et al., 2013) to locate, characterize and quantify the active tectonic structures, taking into account previous works (e.g. Yu et al., 1997; Lee et al., 2008; Hsu et al., 2009; Huang et al., 2010…). We then precise structural geometries and some geological processes as well as the location of active folds and active faults during the PSInSAR monitoring time-period.

How to cite: Deffontaines, B., Chang, K.-J., Magalhaes, S., Serries, G., and Fortunato, G.: Geological mapping and Active tectonics from UAS-HR-DTM and PSInSAR: Case examples in the Longitudinal Valley and the Coastal Range (E. Taiwan), EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8662, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8662, 2022.

Understanding the dynamics of coastal areas is crucial to mitigate the effects of global change though monitoring these places could be challenging, difficult and dangerous, especially in the presence of (unstable) cliffs. The recent development of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) with accurate direct georeferencing systems facilitates this task. The objective of this work is to test the performance of different 3D data acquisition strategies in coastal cliffs, specifically RGB and LIDAR sensors on board UAS platforms equipped with direct georeferencing instruments based on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS: Real Time Kinematic-RTK and Post-Processing Kinematic-PPK approaches). Two UAS were used to capture data and produce point clouds of a coastal cliff in the Cantabrian Coast (Gerra beach, North Spain): a DJI Phantom 4 RTK (P4RTK) and a MD4-1000 LIDAR. The P4RTK may receive corrections to estimate accurate positions of the UAS during the acquisition of images (P4RTK processing approach), but also may record the trajectory of the UAS to carry out a PPK approach later to correct and estimate the location of the camera at every shot (P4RTK-PPK processing approach).  Two GNSS receivers (Leica 1200 working as base and rover) were used to survey 31 points distributed in the study area. The surveyed points were used in different number (from 0 to 10) as Ground Control Points (GCPs: to support the production of the point clouds) or Check Control Points (CCPs: to independently test the geometrical accuracy of the point clouds) in the photogrammetric processing (using two parallel pipelines with Agisoft Metashape and Pix4Dmapper Pro software packages). The MD4-1000 LIDAR is a quadcopter UAS equipped with the following instruments: a LIDAR sensor SICK LD-MRS4 (to capture the point cloud), a Ladybug RGB camera (to acquire images and colour the point cloud), and a GNSS antenna (Trimble APX-15v3) with an integrated Inertial Measurement Unit. The trajectory of the UAS recorded by the GNSS may be corrected using observations registered by a GNSS base station to obtain the accurate pose of the UAS using a PPK approach.

Additionally, a benchmark point cloud was acquired by a Terrestrial Laser Scanner (Leica ScanStation C10) placed at 5 locations. The resulting point cloud showed 23,4 million points with a registration error of 7 mm. Three parameters were used to test the quality of the resulting point clouds: point cloud density and coverage, distance to the benchmark point cloud and RMSE of CCPs. The results showed that any of the strategies produced very accurate point clouds with a geometrical accuracy <10 cm. The P4RTK (RTK, PPK or using GCPs) produced more accurate and denser point clouds than the MD4-1000 LIDAR system (only PPK approach). The use of GCPs did not improved substantially the point clouds produced by photogrammetry (and RTK or PPK approaches) if an oblique pass is included in the flight plan to improve the camera focal estimation and corrections are available.

How to cite: Gómez-Gutiérrez, Á., Sánchez-Fernández, M., and de Sanjosé-Blasco, J. J.: Performance of different UAS platforms, techniques (LIDAR and photogrammetry) and referencing approaches (RTK, PPK or GCP-based) to acquire 3D data in coastal cliffs, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-9881, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-9881, 2022.

How to cite: Irimia, R., Sandric, I. C., Ilinca, V., Chitu, Z., and Gheuca, I.: A semiautomated mapping of landslide volume displacements using UAV aerial imagery, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-11130, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11130, 2022.

Remotely piloted airborne system (RPAS) based structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry is a recognised tool in geomorphological applications. However, time constraints, methodological requirements and ignorance can easily compromise photogrammetric rigour in geomorphological fieldwork. Light RPAS mounted sensors often provide inherent low geometric stability and are thus typically calibrated on-the-job in a self-calibrating bundle adjustment. Solving interior (lens geometry) and exterior (position and orientation) camera parameters requires variation of sensor-object distance, view angles and surface geometry.

Deficient camera calibration can cause systematic errors resulting in final digital elevation model (DEM) deformation. The application of multi-sensor systems, common in geomorphological research, poses additional challenges. For example, the low contrast in thermal imagery of vegetated surfaces constrains image matching algorithms.

We present a pre-calibration workflow to separate sensor calibration and data acquisition that is optimized for geomorphological field studies. The approach is time-efficient (rapid simultaneous image acquisition), repeatable (permanent object), at survey scale to maintain focal distance, and on-site to avoid shocks during transport.

The presented workflow uses a stone building as a suitable 3D calibration structure (alternatively boulder or bridge) providing structural detail in visible (DJI Phantom 4 Pro) and thermal imagery (Workswell WIRIS Pro). The dataset consists of feature coordinates extracted from terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) scans (3D reference data) and imagery (2D calibration data). We process the data in the specialized software, vision measurement system (VMS) as benchmark and the widely applied commercial SfM photogrammetric software, Agisoft MetaShape (AM) as convenient alternative. Subsequently, we transfer the camera parameters to the application in an SfM photogrammetric dataset of a river environment to assess the performance of self- and pre-calibration using different image network configurations. The resulting DEMs are validated against GNSS reference points and by DEMs of difference. 

We achieved calibration accuracies below one-third (optical) and one-quarter (thermal) of a pixel. In line with the literature, our results show that self-calibration yields the smallest errors and DEM deformations using multi-scale and oblique datasets. Pre-calibration in contrast, yielded the lowest overall errors and performed best in the single-scale nadir scenario. VMS consistently performed better than AM, possibly because AM's software “black-box” is less customisable and does not allow purely marker-based calibration. Furthermore, we present findings regarding sensor stability based on a repeat survey.

We find that pre-calibration can improve photogrammetric accuracies in surveys restricted to unfavourable designs e.g. nadir-only (water refraction, sensor mount). It can facilitate the application of thermal sensors on surfaces less suited to self-calibration. Most importantly, multi-scale survey designs could potentially become redundant, thus shortening flight time or increasing possible areal coverage.

How to cite: Senn, J. A., Mills, J., Walsh, C. L., Addy, S., and Peppa, M.-V.: Assessment of sensor pre-calibration to mitigate systematic errors in SfM photogrammetric surveys, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-279, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-279, 2022.

How to cite: Lynch, J., McDougall, D., and Maddock, I.: A sensitivity analysis of Rillstats for soil erosion estimates from UAV derived digital surface models., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-344, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-344, 2022.

Recent advances in repeated data acquisition by UAV-borne photogrammetry and laser scanning for geoscientific monitoring extend the possibilities for analysing surface dynamics in 3D at high spatial (centimeter point spacing) and temporal (up to daily) resolution. These techniques overcome common challenges of ground-based sensing (occlusion, heterogeneous measurement distribution, limited spatial coverage) and provide a valuable additional data source for topographic change analysis between successive epochs.

We investigate point clouds derived from UAV-borne photogrammetry and laser scanning as input for change analysis. We apply and compare two state-of-the-art methods for pairwise 3D topographic change quantification. Our study site is the active rock glacier Äußeres Hochebenkar in the Eastern Austrian Alps (46° 50’ N, 11° 01’ E). Whereas point clouds derived from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) have become a common data source for this application, point clouds derived from UAV-borne sensing techniques have emerged only in recent years and their potential for methods of 3D and 4D (3D + time) change analysis is yet to be exploited.

We perform change analysis using (1) the Multi Scale Model to Model Cloud Comparison (M3C2) algorithm [1] and (2) the correspondence-driven plane-based M3C2 [2]. Both methods have shown to provide valuable surface change information on rock glaciers when applied to successive terrestrial laser scanning point clouds of different time spans (ranging from 2 weeks to several years). The considerable value of both methods also lies in their ability to quantify the uncertainty additionally to the associated change. This allows to distinguish between significant change (quantified magnitude of change > uncertainty) and non-significant or no change (magnitude of change ≤ uncertainty) and hence enables confident analysis and geographic interpretation of change.

We will extend the application of the two methods by using point clouds derived using (1) photogrammetric techniques on UAV-based images and (2) UAV-borne laser scanning. We investigate the influence of variations in measurement distribution and density, completeness of spatial coverage and ranging uncertainty by comparing UAV-based point clouds to TLS data of the same epoch. Using TLS-TLS-based change analysis as reference, we examine the performance of the two methods with respect to their capability of quantifying surface change based on point clouds originating from different sensing techniques.

Results of this assessment can support the theoretical and practical design of future measurement set-ups. Comparing results of both methods further aids the selection of a suitable method (or combination) for change analysis in order to meet requirements e.g., regarding uncertainty of measured change or spatial coverage of the analysis. To ease usability of a broad suite of state-of-the-art methods of 3D/4D change analysis, we are implementing an open source Python library for geographic change analysis in 4D point cloud data (py4dgeo, www.uni-heidelberg.de/3dgeo-opensource). Finally, our presented study provides insights how methods for 3D and 4D change analysis should be adapted or developed in order to exploit the full potential of available close-range sensing techniques.

[1] https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2013.04.009

[2] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2021.11.018

How to cite: Zahs, V., Winiwarter, L., Anders, K., Bremer, M., Rutzinger, M., Potůčková, M., and Höfle, B.: Evaluation of UAV-borne photogrammetry and UAV-borne laser scanning for 3D topographic change analysis of an active rock glacier, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2513, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2513, 2022.

The main type of research material is multi-season aerial photography of the oil mining karst river basin was carried out by unmanned aerial vehicle.

Visual photo delineation revealed the consequences of mechanical transformations, some hydrocarbon inputs (bitumization) and salts (technogenic salinization) were also identified. The last processes were verified using materials from direct geochemical surveys (chemical analyses of soils, surface waters and sets of ordinary photo of sample plots).

It has been established that mechanical transformations, as a rule, is detected by the color and shape of objects. Less often, it is necessary to additionally analyze indirect photo delineation signs: shape of the shadow, configuration of the borders, traces of heavy vehicle tracks. Photo delineation signs of technogenic salinization are turbidity of water and the acquisition of a bluish-whitish color; the change of the color of the water body to green-yellow; white ground salt spots. The bituminization process is sufficiently reliably identified only in the presence of open oil spills on the surface of soil or water. Despite the difficulty of photo delineation, the use of orthophotos allows to identify 13 new sites (26 in total in the studied area) of the processes of bitumization and technogenic salinization, which had not been noted during previous large-scale field survey.

The use of orthophotos to detect the processes of bitumization and technogenic salinization is effective, especially in combination with direct field studies. Conditions for using aerial photography to identify the consequences of oil mining technogenesis: pixel resolution should be equals or more precise than 20 cm / pixel (more desirable – equals or more precise than 10 cm / pixel), snowless shooting season, lack or low level of cloud cover, relatively low forest cover percent. The spatial distribution of the identified areas of all types of technogenesis indicates a close relationship with the location of oil mining facilities.

A promising direction for the development of the research is associated with the use of multispectral imaging, the improvement of attend field surveys, as well as the expansion of the experience of aerial photography of oil fields located in other natural conditions.

The reported study was funded by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) and Perm Territory, project number 20-45-596018.

How to cite: Sannikov, P., Khotyanovskaya, Y., and Buzmakov, S.: Applicability of aerial photography for identifying of oil mining technogenesis: mechanical transformations, bitumization, technogenic salinization, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2643, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2643, 2022.

Pyrenean glaciers have shown a marked area and thickness decrease in the last century, especially in the last decades, and currently are highly threatened by climate change. Out of the 39 glaciers existing in the Pyrenees in 1984, 23 very small glaciers remain in this mountain range, from which only four have more than 10 ha. Probably, the most emblematic glacier of these four is Aneto glacier as it is located in the North-East face of the highest summit in the Pyrenees, the Aneto peak (3404 m a.s.l.). This work presents the Aneto glacier surface reconstruction from aerial images obtained in 1981, and its comparison with the glacier surface obtained in 2021 with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) images.

The 1981 and 2021 images have been processed with Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithms to reconstruct the Digital Surface Model (DSM) of the glacier and nearby terrain. Taking advantage of the accurate geolocation of the UAV images in 2021 (GPS with RTK/PPK surveying), the DSM obtained has a precise representation of the glacier surface. Oppositely the aerial images of 1981 lack precise geolocation and thus require a post-processing analysis. The aerial images of the '80s have been firstly geolocated with Ground Control Points (GCPs) of known coordinates within the study area (summits, crests, and rock blocks with unaltered position). After this initial geolocation, the DSM of 1981 was generated with SfM algorithms. Nevertheless, this DSM still lacks a geolocation accuracy. To allow a comparison between the 1981 and the 2021 DSMs, the glacier surface in 1981 was registered to the 2021 surface with an Iterative Close Point (ICP) routine in the surrounding area of the glacier. The technique described in this work may be applicable to other historical aerial images, which may allow studying glacier evolutions all over the world for dates without field observations.

The surface comparison generated with images that have a temporal difference of 40 years has shown the dramatic area and thickness loss of this glacier, with areas decreasing more than 68 m, and an average thickness reduction of 31.5 m. In this period, the glacier has reduced its extent by about a 60%. There is a recent acceleration in the rate of shrinkage if we compare these data with the obtained for the period 2011-2021, in which area loss reaches 15% and thickness reduction almost reaches 10 m. During the 1981-2021 period the shrinkage rate is 0.78 m thickness/year and 1.5% area/year, meanwhile, during the 2011-2021 period the shrinkage rate is 0.99 m thickness/year and 2.7% area/year.

How to cite: Vidaller, I., Revuelto, J., Izagirre, E., García, J., Rojas-Heredia, F., and López-Moreno, J. I.: Comparison of 3D surfaces from historical aerial images and UAV acquisitions to understand glacier dynamics: The Aneto glacier changes in 40 years, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3163, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3163, 2022.

Data on grain sizes of pebbles in gravel-bed rivers are a well-known proxy for sedimentation and transport conditions, and thus a key quantity for the understanding of a river system. Therefore, methods have been developed to quantify the size of gravels in rivers already decades ago. These methods involve time-intensive fieldwork and bear the risk of introducing sampling biases. More recently, low-cost UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) platforms have been employed for the collection of referenced images along rivers with the aim to determine the size of grains. To this end, several methods to extract pebble size data from such UAV imagery have been proposed. Yet, despite the availability of information on the precision and accuracy of UAV surveys, a systematic analysis of the uncertainty that is introduced into the resulting grain size distribution is still missing.

Here we present the results of three close-range UAV surveys conducted along Swiss gravel-bed rivers with a consumer-grade UAV. We use these surveys to assess the dependency of grain size measurements and associated uncertainties from photogrammetric models, in turn generated from segmented UAV imagery. In particular, we assess the effect of (i) different image acquisition formats, (ii) specific survey designs, and (iii) the orthoimage format used for grain size estimates. To do so, we use uncertainty quantities from the photogrammetric model and the statistical uncertainty of the collected grain size data, calculated through a combined bootstrapping and Monte Carlo (MC) modelling approach.

First, our preliminary results suggest some influence of the image acquisition format on the photogrammetric model quality. However, different choices for UAV surveys, e.g., the inclusion of oblique camera angles, referencing strategy and survey geometry, and environmental factors, e.g., light conditions or the occurrence of vegetation and water, exert a much larger control on the model quality. Second, MC modelling of full grain size distributions with propagated UAV uncertainties shows that measured size uncertainty is at the first order controlled by counting statistics, the selected orthoimage format, and limitations of the grain size determination itself, i.e., the segmentation in images. Therefore, our results highlight that grain size data are consistent and mostly insensitive to photogrammetric model quality when the data is extracted from single, undistorted orthoimages. This is not the case for grain size data, which are extracted from orthophoto mosaics. Third, upon looking at the results in detail, they reveal that environmental factors and specific survey strategies, which contribute to the decrease of the photogrammetric model quality, also decrease the detection of grains during image segmentation. Thereby, survey conditions that result in a lower quality of the photogrammetric model also lead to a higher uncertainty in grain size data.

Generally, these results indicate that even relative imprecise and not accurate UAV imagery can yield acceptable grain size data for some applications, under the conditions of correct photogrammetric alignment and a suitable image format. Furthermore, the use of a MC modelling strategy can be employed to estimate the grain size uncertainty for any image-based method in which individual grains are measured.

How to cite: Mair, D., Do Prado, A. H., Garefalakis, P., Lechmann, A., and Schlunegger, F.: Uncertainty of grain sizes from close-range UAV imagery in gravel bars, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3516, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3516, 2022.

Near-continuous time series of 3D point clouds capture local landscape dynamics at a large range of spatial and temporal scales. These data can be acquired by permanent terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) or time lapse photogrammetry, and are being used to monitor surface changes in a variety of natural scenes, including snow cover dynamics, rockfalls, soil erosion, or sand transport on beaches.

Automatic methods are required to analyze such data with thousands of point cloud epochs (acquired, e.g., hourly over several months), each representing the scene with several million 3D points. Usually, no a-priori knowledge about the timing, duration, magnitude, and spatial extent of all spatially and temporally variable change occurrences is available. Further, changes are difficult to delineate individually if they occur with spatial overlap, as for example coinciding accumulation processes. To enable fully automatic extraction of individual surface changes, we have developed the concept of 4D objects-by-change (4D-OBCs). 4D-OBCs are defined by similar change histories within the area and timespan of single surface changes. This concept makes use of the full temporal information contained in 3D time series to automatically detect the timing and duration of changes. Via spatiotemporal segmentation, individual objects are spatially delineated by considering the entire timespan of a detected change regarding a metric of time series similarity (cf. Anders et al. 2021 [1]), instead of detecting changes between pairs of epochs as with established methods.

For hourly TLS point clouds, the extraction of 4D-OBCs improved the fully automatic detection and spatial delineation of accumulation and erosion forms in beach monitoring. For a use case of snow cover monitoring, our method allowed quantifying individual change volumes more accurately by considering the timespan of changes, which occur with variable durations in the hourly 3D time series, rather than only instantaneously from one epoch to the next. The result of our time series-based method is information-rich compared to results of bitemporal change analysis, as each 4D-OBC contains the full 4D (3D + time) data of the original 3D time series with determined spatial and temporal extent.

The objective of this contribution is to present how interpretable information can be derived from resulting 4D-OBCs. This will provide new layers that are supporting subsequent geoscientific analysis of observed surface dynamics. We apply Kalman filtering (following Winiwarter et al. 2021 [2]) to model the temporal evolution of individually extracted 4D-OBCs. This allows us to extract change rates and accelerations for each point in time, and to subsequently derive further features describing the temporal properties of individual changes. We present first results of this methodological combination and newly obtained information layers which can reveal spatial and temporal patterns of change activity. For example, deriving the timing of highest change rates may be used to examine links to external environmental drivers of observed processes. Our research therefore contributes to extending the information that can be extracted about surface dynamics in natural scenes from near-continuous time series of 3D point clouds.

References:

[1] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2021.01.015

[2] https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-103

How to cite: Anders, K., Winiwarter, L., and Höfle, B.: Automatic Extraction and Characterization of Natural Surface Changes from Near-Continuous 3D Time Series using 4D Objects-By-Change and Kalman Filtering, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4225, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4225, 2022.

Ol Doinyo Lengaï (OL) in north Tanzania is the only active volcano in the world emitting natrocarbonatite lavas. This stratovolcano (2962 m a.s.l) is mostly characterized by effusive lava emissions since 1983. However, on the 4^th of September 2007, explosive events marked the beginning of a new eruptive style that lasted until April 2008. This new phase involved short-lived explosive eruptions that generated volcanic ash plumes as high as 15 km during its paroxysmal stage. This explosive activity resulted in the formation of a 300 m wide and 130 m deep crater in place of the growing lava platform that had filled the crater since 1983. Since then the effusive activity at OL resumed within the crater and has been partially filling it over the last 14 years. Due to the remote location of the volcano there is a lack of monitoring of its activity and, hence, its eruptive and morphological evolution over the last years is not well constrained (e.g., emission rates, number of vents, unstable areas). This absence of monitoring, preventing the detection of features, such as instabilities of the summit cone, could have hazard implications for the tourists regularly visiting the summit area.

In this study, we quantify the evolution of OL crater area over the last 14 years by reconstructing its topography at regular time interval. We collated several sources of optical images including Unoccupied Aircraft Systems (UAS) images, videos and ground-based pictures that have been collected over the period 2008-2021 by scientists and tourists. Those data have been sorted by year and quality in order to reconstruct the most accurate topographical models using Agisoft Metashape Pro, a software for Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry, and CloudCompare a 3D point cloud processing software. This enables estimating the emitted volume of lava, the emission rate and the remaining crater volume available before crater overflow. It also allows identifying punctual events, such as hornito formation or destruction, and partial crater collapses. Our results indicate that the main lava emission area has repeatedly moved over the years within the crater floor and that OL’s effusion rate has been increasing over the last few years, with more than two times higher lava emission in the period 2019-2021 compared to 2017-2019. Assuming a similar lava effusion rate in the coming years, the crater could again be filled within the next decade leading to new lava overflows. There is thus a need for periodic assessment of the situation at OL. New cost- and time-effective photogrammetry techniques, including UAS and SfM processing, offer a solution to improve the monitoring of such remote volcanoes.

How to cite: Tournigand, P.-Y., Smets, B., Laxton, K., Dille, A., Dalton-Smith, M., Schachenmann, G., Wauthier, C., and Kervyn, M.: Morphological evolution of volcanic crater through eruptions and instabilities: The case of Ol Doinyo Lengaï since the 2007-08 eruption, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4522, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4522, 2022.

Solifluction is the slow downslope movement of soil mass due to freeze-thaw processes. It is widespread on hillslopes in Polar and Alpine regions and contributes substantially to sediment transport. As solifluction lobe movement is in the order of millimeters to centimeters per year, it is tricky to measure with a high spatial and temporal resolution and accuracy. We developed a semi-automated approach to monitor movement of three solifluction lobes with different degrees of vegetation cover along an elevational gradient between 2,170 and 2,567 m in Turtmann Valley, Swiss Alps. Subsequently, we compared movement rates and patterns with environmental factors.

• For solifluction movement monitoring, we applied a combination of the Phantom 4 Pro Plus and Phantom 4 RTK (Real Time Kinematic) drones, image co-alignment and COSI-CORR (Co-registration of Optically Sensed Images and Correlation) to track movement on orthophotos between 2017 and 2021. This drone data acquisition and co-alignment procedure enable a simple, time-saving field setup without Ground Control Points (GCPs).
• Our high co-registration accuracy enabled us to detect solifluction movement if it exceeds 5 mm with sparse vegetation cover. Dense vegetation cover limited feature tracking but detected movement rates and patterns still matched previous measurements using classical total station measurements at the lowest, mostly vegetated lobe.
• In contrast to traditional solifluction monitoring approaches using point measurements, our monitoring approach provides spatially continuous movement estimates across the complete extend of the lobe. Lobe movement rates were highest at the highest elevations between 2,560 and 2,567 m (up to 14.0 cm/yr for single years) and lowest at intermediate elevations between 2,417 and 2,427 m (up to 2.9 cm/yr for single years). We found intermediate movement rates at lowest elevations between 2,170 and 2,185 m (up to 4.9 cm/yr for single years). In general, movement had the highest rates at the solifluction lobes center and the lowest rates at the front of solifluction lobes.
• We linked observed movement patters to environmental factors possibly controlling solifluction movement, such as geomorphic properties, vegetation species and coverage, soil properties determined from electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), and soil temperature data. The least movement at the lobe front is characterized by coarse material and plant species stabilizing the risers or plant species growing here due to the stable risers. Most movement at the lobe center is characterized by fine material and no vegetation or plant species promoting movement. The soil temperature data further suggests that snow cover reduced freezing rates at solifluction lobes and potentially decreased solifluction movement at the lobe between 2,417 and 2,427 m.

This study is the first to demonstrate the use of drone-based images and a semi-automated method to reach high spatiotemporal resolutions to detect subtle movements of solifluction lobes at timescales of years at sub-centimeter resolution. This provides new insights into solifluction movement and into drivers of and factors controlling solifluction movement and lobe development. Therefore, our semi-automated approach may have a great potential to uncover the fundamental processes to understand solifluction movement.

How to cite: Harkema, M., Eichel, J., Nijland, W., de Jong, S., Draebing, D., and Kattenborn, T.: Using high-resolution topography to solve “periglacial puzzles”: A semi-automated approach to monitor solifluction movement, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4763, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4763, 2022.

River canyons are characteristic features of transient fluvial systems responding to perturbations in base level and/or sediment supply. Investigating the dynamics of canyon formation and development is challenging due to the typically long time scales and the possible experimental confounding involved. In this context, the lower portion of the Marecchia River, with a history of gravel mining on alluvial deposits resting on highly erodible (i.e., claystones and poorly consolidated sands) bedrock, offers the opportunity to set up a natural experiment and investigate the onset of canyon incision and its subsequent stages of development across five decades (1955-1993). To these ends, we evaluate decadal geomorphic changes of 10-km valley segment of the Marecchia River between Ponte Verucchio and Rimini (Northern Italy) through analysis of Digital Elevation Models derived from the application of Structure from Motion to archival aerial imagery (i.e., 1955, 1969, 1976, 1985, 1993) and from a reference-LiDAR survey (i.e. 2009), in conjunction with analysis of planimetric changes in active channel width and lateral confinement.

During the 1955-2009 period, fluvial incision led to the formation of a 6-km canyon, with average vertical incision of about 15 m (in places exceeding 25 m) and a corresponding annual knickpoint migration rate of about 100 m/yr. In volumetric terms, canyon formation and evolution has involved 6.1 10⁶ m³ (95%) of degradation and 0.29 10⁶ m³ of aggradation (5%), with a corresponding net volume loss of 5.8 10⁶ m³. As a result of canyon development, the active channel has narrowed by about 80%, and channel pattern has drastically changed from braided unconfined to single-thread tightly confined one. These processes were especially important during the 1955-1993 period. Since 1993 to the present, main channel is characterized by a general stability of the active channel width with evidences of a slight recovery through mass wasting processes within it. Local disturbance associated with ongoing canyon development have propagated and are still propagating upstream, posing immediate threat to infrastructures.

How to cite: Llena, M., Simonelli, T., and Brardinoni, F.: Rapid formation of a bedrock canyon following gravel mining in the Marecchia River, Northern Apennines., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6894, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6894, 2022.

Long-term records of glaciers are more than ever crucial to understand their response to climate change. High-quality photogrammetric products, Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and orthophotographs from early satellites are essential, as they offer a unique high-resolution view on the historical glacial dynamics. However, obtaining and producing high-resolution datasets from historical imagery can be a challenge.

In our study, we are extending available satellite images time series using images from Soviet Era KFA-1000 satellite cameras. Each KFA-1000 has a 1000 mm objective, holding 1800 frames in its magazine. Each frame is typically 18x18 cm or 30 × 30 cm, with an 80 km swath width, providing panchromatic images. They supplement the very sparse data period between aerial images and high-resolution modern satellites, giving us high-resolution insight of Antarctica and Greenland dating from 1974 to 1994. Since these images have been largely underused, they have the potential to improve our knowledge of glaciers and open new scientific perspectives. They could help us improve models in studies regarding, for instance the frontal position, the flow-velocity (by doing feature tracking), the surface elevation or the grounding line of the glaciers, etc. With a spatial resolution up to 2 m and images recorded in stereo geometry, they offer a valuable complement to other historical satellite archives such as the declassified American KH imagery. Here, we use structure-from-motion (SfM) to reconstruct former glacier surfaces and flow of main outlet glaciers in both Antarctica and Greenland. We compare and assess the quality of the results by comparing the produced DEMs with recent high-resolution imagery from Worldview’s ArcticDEM. We combine the historical DEMs with recent satellite imagery of the ice elevation and reconstruct the comprehensive history of volume change over southeast and northeast Greenland glaciers since the 90s. Mostly lost from sight for 50 years, we are now resurrecting these highly valuable records and will make them freely available to science and the public.

How to cite: Huiban, F., Dømgaard, M., Girod, L., Millan, R., Dehecq, A., Mouginot, J., Schomacker, A., Rignot, E., and Bjørk, A.: Expanding glacier time series of Antarctica and Greenland using Soviet Era KFA-1000 satellite images, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7374, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7374, 2022.

Historical aerial imagery dating back to the mid-twentieth century offers high potential to distinguish anthropogenic impacts from natural causes of environmental change and reanalyze the long-term surface evolution from local to regional scales. However, the older portion of the imagery is often acquired in panchromatic grayscale thus making image classification a very challenging task.  This research aims to compare deep learning image colorisation methods, namely, , the Neural Style Transfer (NST) and the Cycle Generative Adversarial Network (CycleGAN), for colorizing archival images of Japanese river basins for land cover analysis. Historical monochrome images were examined with `4096 x 4096` pixels of three river basins, i.e., the Kurobe, Tenryu, and Chikugo Rivers. In the NST method, we used the transfer learning model with optimal hyperparameters that had already been fine-tuned for the river basin colorization of the archival river images (Ishii et al., 2021). As for the CycleGAN method, we trained the CycleGAN with 8000 image tiles of `256 x256` pixels to obtain the optimal hyperparameters for the river basin colorization. The image tiles used in training consisted of 10 land-use types, including paddy fields, agricultural lands, forests, wastelands, cities and villages, transportation land, rivers, lakes, coastal areas, and so forth. The training result of the CycleGAN reached an optimal model in which the root mean square error (RMSE) of colorization was 18.3 in 8-bit RGB color resolution with optimal hyperparameters of the dropout ratio (0.4), cycle consistency loss (10), and identity mapping loss (0.5). Colorization comparison of the two-deep learning methods gave us the following three findings. (i) CycleGAN requires much less training effort than the NST because the CycleGAN used an unsupervised learning algorithm. CycleGAN used 8000 images without labelling for training while the NST used 60k with labelling in transfer learning. (ii) The colorization quality of the two methods was basically the same in the evaluation stage; RMSEs in CycleGAN were 15.4 for Kurobe, 13.7 for Tenryu and 18.7 for Chikugo, while RMSE in NST were 9.9 for Kurobe, 15.8 for Tenryu, and 14.2 for Chikugo, respectively. (iii) The CycleGAN indicated much higher performance on the colorization of dull surfaces without any textual features, such as the river course in Tenryu River, than the NST. In future research work, colorized imagery by both the NST and CycleGAN will be further used for land cover classification with AI technology to investigate its role in image recognition. [Reference]: Ishii, R. et al.(2021) Colorization of archival aerial imagery using deep learning, EGU General Assembly 2021, EGU21-11925, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-11925.

How to cite: Tanaka, S., Miyamoto, H., Ishii, R., and Carbonneau, P.: Comparison of deep learning methods for colorizing historical aerial imagery, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7686, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7686, 2022.

Photogrammetry and Structure-from-Motion have become widely assessed tools for geomorphological 3D reconstruction, and especially for monitoring remote and hardly accessible alpine environments. UAV-based photogrammetry enables large mountain areas to be modelled with high accuracy and limited costs. However, they still require a human intervention on-site. The use of fixed time-lapse cameras for retrieving qualitative and quantitative information on glacier flows have recently increased, as they can provide images with high temporal frequency (e.g., daily) for long-time spans, and they require minimum maintenance. However, in many cases, only one camera is employed, preventing the use of photogrammetry to compute georeferenced 3D models. This work presents a low-cost stereoscopic system composed of two time-lapse cameras for continuously and quantitatively monitoring the north-west tongue of the Belvedere Glacier (Italian Alps), by using a photogrammetric approach. Each monitoring station includes a DSLR camera, an Arduino microcontroller for camera triggering, and a Raspberry Pi Zero with a SIM card to send images to a remote server through GSM network. The instrumentation is enclosed in waterproof cases and mounted on tripods, anchored on big and stable rocks along the glacier moraines. The acquisition of a defined number of images and the timing can be arbitrary scheduled, e.g., 2 images per day acquired by each camera, around noon. A set of ground control points is materialized on stable rocks along the moraines and measured with topographic-grade GNSS receivers at the first epoch to orient stereo-pairs of images. From daily stereo-pairs, 3D models are computed with the commercial Structure from Motion software package Agisoft Metashape, and they can be used to detect morphological changes in the glacier tongue, as well as to compute daily glacier velocities. The work is currently focused on improving the orientation of stereo-pairs: the use of computer vision algorithms is under study to automatize the process and increase the robustness of consecutive orientation of stereo-images, e.g., by including images coming from different epochs in the same bundle block adjustment and dividing them afterwards for dense 3D reconstruction. Change detection can be then computed from 3D point clouds by using M3C2 algorithms. Although the stereoscopic system is already installed on the Belvedere Glacier and it is properly taking daily images of the glacier tongue, the processing workflow of stereo-pairs needs to be tuned and automatized to enable high-accurate continuous 3D photogrammetric monitoring of an alpine glacier, computing short-term and infra-seasonal ice volume variations and velocities, as well as detecting icefalls.

How to cite: Ioli, F., Bianchi, A., Cina, A., De Michele, C., and Pinto, L.: Time-lapse stereo-cameras and photogrammetry for continuous 3D monitoring of an alpine glacier, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7967, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7967, 2022.

Historical aerial photographs captured since the early 1900s and spy satellite photographs from the 1960s onwards have long been used for military, civil, and research purposes in natural sciences. These historical photographs have the unequalled potential for documenting and quantifying past environmental changes caused by anthropogenic and natural factors.

The increasing availability of historical photographs as digitized/scanned images, together with the advances in digital photogrammetry, have heightened the interest in these data in the scientific community for reconstructing long-term surface evolution from local to regional scale.

However, despite the available volume of historical images, their full potential is not yet widely exploited. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge of the types of information that can be derived, their availability over the globe, and their applications in geoscience. There are no standardized photogrammetric workflows to automatically generate 3D (three-dimensional) products, in the form of point clouds and digital elevation models from stereo images (i.e. images capturing the same scenery from at least two positions), as well as 2D products like orthophotos. Furthermore, influences on the quality and the accuracy of the products are not fully understood as they vary according to the image quality (e.g. photograph damage or scanning properties), the availability of calibration information (e.g. focal length or fiducial marks), and data acquisition (e.g. flying height or image overlap).

We reviewed many articles published in peer reviewed journals from 2010 to 2021 that explore the potential of historical images, covering both photogrammetric reconstruction techniques (methodological papers) and the interpretation of 2D and 3D changes in the past (application papers) in different geoscience disciplines such as geomorphology, cryosphere, volcanology, bio-geosciences, geology and archaeology. We present an overview of these published studies and a summary of available image archives. In addition, we compare the main methods used to process historical aerial and satellite images, highlighting new approaches. Finally, we provide our advice on image processing and accuracy assessment.

How to cite: Ressl, C., Dehecq, A., Dewez, T., Elias, M., Eltner, A., Girod, L., McNabb, R., and Piermattei, L.: Review on the processing and application of historical aerial and satellite spy images in geosciences, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8738, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8738, 2022.

The thermal regime of permafrost, as well as the retreat of sea ice, influence coastal erosion in Arctic environments. Warming permafrost temperatures might lead to enhanced instabilities, while shorter periods of sea ice expose coastal cliffs to waves and tides for longer periods. Although most studies focus on erosion rates in ice-rich permafrost, coastal cliffs and their permafrost thermal regime are still poorly understood.

In this study, we investigate the long-term evolution of the coastline along Brøgger Peninsula (~30 km2), Svalbard. Based on high-resolution aerial orthophotos and, when available, digital elevation model (DEMs) we automatically derive the coastline from 1936 (Geyman et al., 2021), 1970, 1990, 2011 and 2021. Therefore, we quantified coastal erosion rates along the coastal cliffs over the last 85 years. Due to their high spatial resolution and accuracy, the two DEMs from 1970 and 2021 are used to calculate the erosion volumes within this time. Elevation data and coastline mapping from 2021 is validated with dGPS measurements from August 2021 along three transects of the coastline. In addition, we measured surface temperature of the coastal bedrock from September 2020 to August 2021.

Our preliminary results show erosion rates along the coastal cliffs of Brøgger Peninsula. Uncertainties remain due to mapping issues, which include resolution of aerial images and DEMs, and shadow effects. Overall, historical aerial images combined with recent data provide insight into coastal evolution in an Arctic environment where permafrost temperatures are close to the thaw threshold and might become prone to failure in future.

Geyman, E., van Pelt, W., Maloof, A., Aas, H. F., & Kohler, J. (2021). 1936/1938 DEM of Svalbard [Data set]. Norwegian Polar Institute. https://doi.org/10.21334/npolar.2021.f6afca5c

How to cite: Aga, J., Piermattei, L., Girod, L., and Westermann, S.: Coastal erosion dynamics of high-Arctic rock walls: insights from historical to recent orthoimages and DEMs, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-9799, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-9799, 2022.

Pattern recognition remains a complex endeavour for ‘structure/function’ approaches to ecosystem functioning. It is particularly challenging in dryland environments where spatial heterogeneity is the inherent functional trait related with overland flow redistribution processes. Within this context, the concept of Soil Surface Components (SSCs) emerged, representing Very-High-Resolution (VHR) hydrogeomorphic response units. SSCs are abstraction entities where spatial patterns of the soil surface and erosional functional processes are linked, according to a large pool of experimental evidence.  

Τhis abstraction complexity, particularly in the abiotic domain, has  so far mandated the use of on-screen visual photointerpretation for the mapping of SSCs, thus limiting the extent of the study cases and their potential for providing answers to the ongoing research discourse. Although significant advances have been achieved with regards to the VHR mapping of vegetation traits with either shallow or deep machine learning algorithms, mapping the full range of SSCs requires bridging the existing gap related with the abiotic domain.

The current confluence of technical advances in: (i) Unoccupied Aerial Systems (UAS), for VHR image acquisition and high geometric accuracy; (2) photogrammetric image processing (e.g. Structure from Motion, SfM), for accurately adding the third dimension, and (3) Deep Learning (DL) architectures that consider the spatial context (i.e. Convolutional Neural Networks, CNN), offers an unprecedented opportunity for achieving the pattern recognition quality required for the automated mapping of SSCs.

We decompose this complex issue with a stepwise approach in an attempt to optimise protocols across all stages of the entire process. For the initial step of image acquisition, we focus on the design of optimal UAS flight parameters, particularly with regards to flight height and image resolution, as this relates to the scale of the analysis: a critical issue for hillslope and catchment scale surveys. At the core of the methodological framework, we then approach the challenge of mapping the patchy mosaic of SSCs as a hierarchical image segmentation problem, decomposed into classification (i.e. discrete) and regression (i.e. continuous fields) tasks, required for dealing with the biotic (e.g. vegetation) and abiotic (e.g. fractional cover of rock fragments) domains, respectively.

Our pilot study area is a hillslope transect near Benidorm, a representative case in semi-arid environment of SE Spain. In this area, the mapping of SSCs was previously undertaken via visual image interpretation. We obtain satisfactory results that allow for the differentiation of plant physiognomies (i.e. annual herbaceous, shrubs, perennial tussock grass and trees). Regarding the abiotic SSCs, in addition to the identification of rock outcrops, we are also able to quantify the fractional cover of rock fragments (RF): an improvement to the visual photointerpretation of only three intervals of RF coverage. A number of challenges remain, such as the position of RF and the transferability of our methodological framework to sites with different lithological and climatological properties.

How to cite: Arnau-Rosalén, E., Pons-Crespo, R., Marqués-Mateu, Á., López-Carratalá, J., Korkofigkas, A., Karantzalos, K., Calvo-Cases, A., and Symeonakis, E.: Automated mapping of Soil Surface Components (SSCs) in highly heterogeneous environments with Unoccupied Aerial Systems (UAS) and Deep Learning: working towards an optimised workflow, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10060, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10060, 2022.

Mountain glaciers are responding in concert to a warming global climate over the past century. However, on interannual to decadal time scales, glaciers show temporally non-linear dynamics and spatially heterogeneous response, as a function of regional climate forcing and local geometry. Deriving long-term geodetic glacier change measurements from historical aerial photography can inform efforts to understand and project future response. 

We present interannual to decadal glacier and geomorphic change measurements at multiple sites across Western North America from the 1950s until present. Glacierized study sites differ in terms of glacial geometry and climatology, from continental mountains (e.g., Glacier National Park) to maritime stratovolcanoes (e.g., Mt. Rainier). Quantitative measurements of glacier and land surface change are obtained from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) generated using the Historical Structure from Motion (HSfM) package. We use scanned historical images from the USGS North American Glacier Aerial Photography (NAGAP) archive and other aerial photography campaigns from the USGS EROS Aerial Photo Single Frames archive. 

The automated HSfM processing pipeline can derive high-resolution (0.5-2.0 m) DEMs and orthomosaics from scanned historical aerial photographs, without manual ground control point selection. We apply a multi-temporal bundle adjustment process using all images for a given site to refine both extrinsic and intrinsic camera model parameters, prior to generating DEMs for each acquisition date. All historical DEMs are co-registered to modern reference DEMs from airborne lidar, commercial satellite stereo or global elevation basemaps. The co-registration routine uses a multi-stage Iterative Closest Point (ICP) approach to achieve high relative alignment accuracy amongst the historical DEMs, regardless of reference DEM source. 

We examine the impact of regional climate forcing on glacier elevation change and dynamics using downscaled climate reanalysis products. By augmenting the record of quantitative glacier elevation change measurements and examining the relationship between climate forcing and heterogeneous glacier response patterns, we aim to improve our understanding of regional glacier mass change across multiple temporal scales, as well as inform management decisions impacting downstream water resources, ecosystem preservation, and geohazard risks.

How to cite: Knuth, F., Shean, D., McNeil, C., Schwat, E., and Bhushan, S.: Historical Structure From Motion (HSfM): An automated historical aerial photography processing pipeline revealing non-linear and heterogeneous glacier change across Western North America, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10190, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10190, 2022.

Given the global decline in oyster reef coverage, conservation and restoration efforts are increasingly needed to maintain the ecosystem services these biogenic features offer. However, monitoring and restoration are constrained by a lack of continuous quantitative metrics to effectively assess reef health. Traditional sampling methods typically provide a limited perspective of reef status, as sampling areas are just a fraction of the total reef area. In this study, an unoccupied aircraft system collected LiDAR data over oyster reefs in Cedar Key, FL, USA to develop digital surface models (DSMs) of their 3D structure. Ground sampling was also conducted in randomly placed quadrats to enumerate the live and dead oysters within each plot. Over 20 topographic complexity metrics were derived from the DSM, allowing relationships between various geomorphometric measures and reef health to be quantified. These data informed generalized additive models that explained up to 80% of the deviation of live to dead oyster ratios in the quadrats. While topographic complexity has been associated with reef health in the past, this process quantifies the relationships and indicates what metrics can be relied on to efficiently monitor intertidal oyster reefs using DSMs. The models can also inform restoration efforts on which surface characteristics are best to replicate when building restored reefs.  

How to cite: Espriella, M. C., Lecours, V., Lassiter, H. A., and Wilkinson, B.: Using UAS-based LiDAR data to quantify oyster reef structural characteristics for temporal monitoring, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10513, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10513, 2022.

The USGS digitized many historical photos of Antarctica which could provide useful insights into this region from before the satellite era. However, these images are merely scanned and do not contain semantic information, which makes it difficult to use or search this archive (for example to filter for cloudless images). Even though there are countless semantic segmentation methods, they are not working properly with these images. The images are only grayscale, have often a poor image quality (low contrast or newton’s rings) and do not have very distinct classes, for example snow/clouds (both white pixels) or rocks/water (both black pixels). Furthermore, especially for this archive, these images are not only top-down but can also be oblique.

We are training a machine-learning based network to apply semantic segmentation on these images even under these challenging conditions. The pixels of each image will be labelled into one of the six different classes: ice, snow, water, rocks, sky and clouds. No training data was available for these images, so that we needed to create it ourselves. The amount of training data is therefore limited due to the extensive amount of time required for labelling. With this training data, a U-Net was trained, which is a fully convolutional network that can work especially with fewer training images and still give precise results.

In its current state, this model is trained with 67 images, split in 80% training and 20% validation images. After around 6000 epochs (approx. 30h of training) the model converges and training is stopped. The model is evaluated on 8 randomly selected images that were not used during training or validation. These images contain all different classes and are challenging to segment due to quality flaws and similar looking classes. The model is able to segment the images with an accuracy of around 75%. Whereas some classes, like snow, sky, rocks and water can be recognized consistently, the classes ice and clouds are often confused with snow. However, the general semantic structure of the images can be recognized.

In order to improve the semantic segmentation, more training imagery is required to increase the variability of each class and prepare the model for more challenging scenes. This new training data will include both labelled images from the TMA archive and from other historical archives in order to increase the variability of classes even more. It should be checked if the quality of the model can be further improved by including metadata of the images as additional data sources.

How to cite: Dahle, F., Lindenbergh, R., Tanke, J., and Wouters, B.: Semantic segmentation of historical images in Antarctica with neural networks, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10597, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10597, 2022.

Before modern remote sensing techniques, quantifying rock wall retreat due to rockfall events in the high alpine environment was limited to low-frequency post-event measurements for high-magnitude events. LiDAR and SFM now provide precise and accurate 3D models for computing 3D volume changes over time. Otherwise, mid- and low-sized events can remain unobserved due to the remoteness of the rockwalls and the lack of remnant evidence due to the rapid sequestration of ice in surrounding valley and cirque glaciers. To extend rockfall event measurement an initial measurement (t0) is necessary. The Mont-Blanc Massif (MBM, European Alps) High Resolution Topography Project is currently completing high-precision 3D models in the MBM using ground-based and aerial LiDAR, and drone-based structure-from-motion (SFM). In 2021, we began acquisition with initial measurements of 11 major sectors of the massif, representing about 80 km² of rock and ice slopes, between 1700m - 4810m in elevation. By choosing a study area with robust existent photographic and film archives, such as the MBM, it is possible to extend 3D models back in time for comparison with current datasets. Despite existent high-quality image archives, SFM processing is more challenging and error-prone than from contemporary images due to a lack of metadata, such as camera and lens type, precise dates of images, and the general degradation of the original material.  Despite these limitations, the use of historical-image-based SFM in combination with modern LiDAR data can allow the reconstruction of significant slopes of the MBM over several decades in order to i) obtain estimates of erosion rates, ii) to document rockfall events, and iii) to quantify the extent change and volume loss of hanging glaciers and ice aprons. We thus explore geomorphic processes in the high mountain environment in context of warming climate, as well as the limits of input data (image sets) in terms of practical output resolution.

How to cite: Uhlmann, D., Jaboyedoff, M., Derron, M.-H., Ravanel, L., Vicari, J., Wolff, C., Fei, L., Choanji, T., and Gutierrez, C.: High-resolution topography project on the rock walls of the Mont-Blanc massif to reconstruct volume change, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10943, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10943, 2022.

The use of 3D point clouds has become ubiquitous in studying geomorphology. The richness of the acquired data, together with the high availability of 3D sensing technologies, enables a fast and detailed characterisation of the terrain and the entities therein. However, the key for a comprehensive study of landforms relies on detecting geomorphological features in the data. These entities are of complex forms that do not conform to closed parametric shapes. Furthermore, they appear in varying dimensions and orientations, and they are often seamlessly embedded within the topography. The large volume of the data, uneven point distribution and occluded regions present even a greater challenge for autonomous extraction. Therefore, common approaches are still rooted in utilising standard GIS tools on rasterised scans, which are sensitive to noise and interpolation methods. Schemes that investigate morphological phenomena directly from the point cloud use heuristic and localised methods that target specific landforms and cannot be generalised. Lately, machine-learning-based approaches have been introduced for the task. However, these require large training datasets, which are often unavailable in natural environments.

This work introduces a new methodology to extract 3D geomorphological entities from unstructured point clouds. Based on the level-set model, our approach does not require training datasets or labelling, requires little prior information about existing objects, and wants minor adjustments between different types of scenes. By developing the level-set function within the point cloud realm, it requires no triangulated mesh or rasterisation. As a driving force, we utilise visual saliency to focus on pertinent regions. As the estimation is performed pointwise, the proposed model is completely point-based, driven by the geometric characteristics of the surface. The result is three-dimensional entities extracted by their original points, as they were scanned in the field. We demonstrate the flexibility of the proposed model on two fundamentally different datasets. In the first scene, we extract gullies and sinkholes in an alluvial fan and are scanned by an airborne laser scanner. The second features pockets, niches and rocks in a terrestrially scanned cave. We show that the proposed method enables the simultaneous detection of various geomorphological entities, regardless of the acquisition technique. This is facilitated without prior knowledge of the scene and with no specific landform in mind. The proposed study promotes flexibility of form and provides new ways to quantitatively describe the morphological phenomena and characterise their shape, opening new avenues for further investigation.

How to cite: Arav, R., Poeppl, F., and Pfeifer, N.: Extraction of geomorphological entities from unstructured point clouds – a three-dimensional level-set-based approach, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-11081, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11081, 2022.

Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite 2 (ICESat-2), part of NASA's Earth Observing System, is a satellite mission for measuring ice sheet elevation as well as land topography. ICESat-2 is equipped with the Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS), a spaceborne lidar that provides topography measurements of land surfaces around the globe. This study intends to utilize ICESat-2 ATL03 elevation data to identify the outdated part in Taiwan’s Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Because the update of DEM takes time and is relatively expensive to renew by airborne LiDAR, a screen of elevation change is crucial for planning the flight route. ICESat-2 has not only a dense point cloud of elevation but also a short revisit time for data collection. That is, ICESat-2 may have a chance to provide a reference for the current condition of terrain formation.

In this study, we aim to verify the 20-meter DEM from the Ministry of the Interior, Taiwan, by ICESat-2 elevation data. The goal is to find out the patches that have experienced significant changes in elevation due primarily to landslides. We select a typical landslide hillside in southern Taiwan as an example, and compare the DEM with ICESat-2 ATL03 photon-based heights before and after the occurrence of landslide events. In our preliminary results, the comparison of DEM and ICESat-2 ATL03 heights has a high degree of conformity inaccuracy (within meter level), indicating ICESat-2’s ability for DEM renewal.

How to cite: Pan, P.-C. and Tseng, K.-H.: Terrain Change Detection with ICESat-2: A Case Study of Central Mountain Range in Taiwan, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-12200, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12200, 2022.

How to cite: Abad, L., Hölbling, D., Dabiri, Z., and Robson, B.: An open-source Python package for DEM generation and landslide volume estimation based on Sentinel-1 imagery, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-693, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-693, 2022.

Spaceborne digital elevation models (DEMs) are fundamental data for mapping and analyzing geomorphic features at regional and continental scale, but are limited by both their spatial resolution and accuracy. Typically, accuracy is measured using point- or profile-based geodetic measurements (e.g., sparse GNSS). We develop new methods to quantify the vertical uncertainty in spaceborne DEMs relevant to geomorphic analysis, focusing on the pixel-to-pixel variability internal to a given DEM, which we term the inter-pixel consistency. Importantly, the methods we develop are not based on external, geodetic measurements. Our codes are published open-source (https://github.com/UP-RS-ESP/DEM-Consistency-Metrics), and we particularly highlight a novel sun-angle rotation and hillshade-filtering approach that is based on the visual, qualitative assessment of DEM hillshades. Since our study area is in the arid Central Andes and contains diverse steep (volcano) and flat (salar) features, the environment is ideal for vegetation-free assessments of DEM quality across a range of topographic settings. We compare global 1 arcsec (~30 m) resolution DEMs (SRTM, ASTER, ALOS, TanDEM-X, Copernicus), and find high quality (high inter-pixel consistency) of the newest Copernicus DEM. At higher spatial resolution, we also seek to improve the stereo-processing of 3 m SPOT6 optical DEMs using the open-source AMES Stereo-Pipeline. This includes optimizing key parameters and processing steps, as well as developing metrics for DEM uncertainty masks based on the underlying image texture of the optical satellite scenes used to triangulate elevations. Although higher resolution spaceborne DEMs like SPOT6 are only available for limited spatial areas (depending on funds and processing power), the improvement in geomorphic feature identification and quantification at the hillslope scale is significant compared to 30 m datasets. Improved DEM quality metrics provide useful constraints on hazard assessment and geomorphic analysis for the Earth and other planetary bodies.

How to cite: Purinton, B. and Bookhagen, B.: DEM quality assessment and improvement in noise quantification for geomorphic application in steep mountainous terrain, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-1191, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1191, 2022.

One of the main environmental threats to sustainability and crop productivity in the agricultural sector is soil erosion. For the mitigation of this problem in agricultural fields, no-till management is considered a key approach. The measurement of soil erosion is particularly challenging, especially when surficial morphological changes are relatively small. Conventional experiments are commonly time-consuming and labour-intensive in terms of both field surveys and laboratory methods. However, the Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry technique has enhanced the experimental activities by enabling the temporal evolution of soil erosion to be assessed through detailed micro-topography. This work presents a multitemporal quantification of soil erosion, using SfM through Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAV) survey for understanding the evolution of no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) in experimental plots. Considering that plot-scale soil surface (mm grid size) by several orders of magnitude, it was necessary to minimise SfM errors (e.g., co-registration and interpolation) in volumetric estimates to reduce noise as much as possible. Therefore, a methodological workflow was developed to analyse and identify the effectiveness of multi-temporal SfM-derived products, e.g. the conventional Difference of Digital Terrain Models (DoDs) and the less used Differences of Meshes (DoMs), for soil volume computations. To recognise the most suitable estimation method, the research validated the erosion volumetric changes calculated from the SfM outputs with the amount of soil directly collected through conventional runoff and sediment measurements in the field. This study presents a novel approach for using DoMs instead of DoDs to accurately describe the micro-topography changes and sediment dynamics. Another key and innovative aspect of this research, often overlooked in soil erosion studies, was to identify the contributing sediment surface, by delineating the channels potentially routing runoff directly to water collectors. The sediment paths and connected areas inside the plots were identified using a multi-temporal analysis of the sediment connectivity index for achieving the volumetric estimates. The DoM volume estimates showed better results with respect to DoDs and a mild overestimation compared to in-situ measurements. This difference was attributable to other factors (e.g., the soil compaction processes) or variables rather than to photogrammetric or geometric ones. The developed workflow enabled a very detailed quantification of soil erosion dynamics for assessing the mitigation effects of no-till management that can also be extended in the future to different scales with low-costs, based on SfM and UAV technologies.

How to cite: Cucchiaro, S., Carretta, L., Nasta, P., Cazorzi, F., Masin, R., Romano, N., and Tarolli, P.: Assessment of soil erosion induced by different tillage practices through multi-temporal geomorphometric analyses, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2000, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2000, 2022.

The eroding rocky coasts export sediment to the ocean, the amount of which is poorly known. At the global scale it could amounts 0.15-0.4 Gt/a (1). Recent evaluations of large retreat rates on monitored sections of sea cliffs indicate it can be comparable to the sediment input from medium to large rivers. We quantify rocky coast input to the ocean sediment budget at the European scale, the continent characterized by the best dataset.

The sediment budget from European rocky coasts has been computed from cliff lengths, heights and retreat rates. For that, we first compiled a large number of well-documented retreat rates; the analysis of whom showed that the retreat rates are at first order explained by cliff lithology (GlobR2C2, 2). Median erosion rates are 2.9 cm/a for hard rocks, 10 cm/a for medium rocks and 23 cm/a for weak rocks. These retreat rates were then applied to the European coast classification (EMODnet), giving the relative coast length for cliffs of various lithology types. Finally the cliff height comes from the EU-DEM (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/gisco/geodata/reference-data/elevation).

Due to data availability, we only worked on ~70% of the whole Europe, corresponding to a 127,000 km-long coastline (65,000 km of rocky coast). We calculated it originates 111±65 Mt/a, corresponding to 0.38 times the sediment input from rivers from the equivalent area (3.56 10⁶ km²), calculated after Milliman and Farnsworth (3)’s database (290 Gt/a). A crude extrapolation to the 1.5 10⁶ km-long Earth’s coastline reaches an amount of 0.6-2.4 Gt/a, an order of magnitude less that the sediment discharge from rivers (11-21 Gt/a, e.g., 3).

This up-to-now overlooked sedimentary source must further be explored for: (i) its effects on the geochemical ocean budget; (ii) the rising sea level control on the cliff retreat rates; and (iii) the characteristics and location of sediment deposition on ocean margins.

References

(1) Mahowald NM, Baker AR, Bergametti G, Brooks N, Duce RA, Jickells TD, Kubilay N, Prospero JM, Tegen I (2005). Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean: ATMOSPHERIC IRON DEPOSITION. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19. DOI: 10.1029/2004GB002402

(2) Prémaillon M, Regard V, Dewez TJB, Auda Y (2018). How to explain variations in sea cliff erosion rates? Insights from a literature synthesis. Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions:1–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2018-12

(3) Milliman J, Farnsworth K (2011). River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean: A Global Synthesis. Cambridge University Press

How to cite: Regard, V., Prémaillon, M., Dewez, T., Carretier, S., Jeandel, C., Godderis, Y., Bonnet, S., Schott, J., Pedoja, K., Martinod, J., Viers, J., and Fabre, S.: Coastal erosion: an overlooked source of sediments to the ocean. Europe as an example, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2877, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2877, 2022.

Linear dunes show a wide variety of morphometrical patterns; their sizes, spacing, defect density, and orientations differ not only between but also within dunefields (Thomas 1986; Bullard et al. 1995; Hesse 2011; Hugenholtz et al. 2012). The first step towards characterising dune patterning is to accurately and precisely map dunefields, which is challenging, especially when dunefields are too large to be mapped manually. Thus, (semi-)automatic approaches have been brought forward (Telfer et al. 2015; Shumack et al. 2020; Bryant & Baddock 2021). Here, we are presenting the prototype of a deep learning workflow that allows for the automated mapping of large linear dunefields through semantic segmentation.

The algorithm includes the following components: 1) the download of satellite imagery; 2) pre-processing of training and prediction data; 3) training of a Neural Network; and 4) applying the trained Neural Network to classify satellite imagery into dune and non-dune pixels. The workflow is python-based and uses the deep learning API keras as well as a variety of spatial analysis libraries such as earthengine and rasterio.

A case study to apply and test the algorithm’s performance was conducted on Sentinel-2 satellite imagery (10 m spatial resolution) of the southwest Kalahari Desert. The resulting predictions are promising, despite the small amount of data the model was trained on.

The presented prototype is work in progress. Further developments will include parameter optimisation, exploring ways to improve the objectiveness of training data, and the conduction of case studies applying the algorithm to digital elevation rasters.

How to cite: Nowatzki, M., Bailey, R., and Thomas, D.: Prototype of a deep learning workflow to map dunes in the Kalahari, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3002, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3002, 2022.

Pit-and-mound (treethrow, windthrow) topography is a result of tree uprooting caused by the impact of hurricane-speed wind events. Analyzing its location and morphometric features can improve our knowledge about the influence of winds on forest ecosystem dynamics and on changes in the forest floor microrelief. This is important in terms of hillslope denudation and soil evolution.

The occurrence and evolution of pit-mound topography can be studied with the use of high-resolution elevation data. Such data can be obtained from LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) surveys. Polish Institute of Geodesy and Cartography carried the LiDAR survey in the years 2010-2015. Point cloud data for the entire area of Poland with the minimal density of 4 points per m² is currently available on the Internet.

Under the present project, we have analyzed Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) produced from the above-mentioned LiDAR data in order to develop and test a new method for automatic detection of pit-mound topography. As far as we know, no such method exists at the moment. We generated DEMs with 0.5 m spatial resolution for three study sites with the confirmed occurrence of pit-mound topography, located in Southern Poland. A script with the method was written in the R programming language.

The proposed method is based on contour lines. We found that the detection of pit and mound topography formed on gentle hillslopes is possible when closed contours are delineated. Detected forms can be classified into “pits” and “mounds” by investigating point positions with the highest and the lowest elevation within the closed contour. On the other hand, for steep surfaces pit-mound topography can be detected by calculating distances between contours and selecting slope segments with between-contours distances above a certain threshold value. This leads to the identification of gently-sloped areas within the study site. With a high probability, such areas indicate places, where pit-mound topography was formed. To validate our methods, we performed the on-screen assessment of DEMs for the presence of forms that could be interpreted as pit-mound topography.

The study has been supported by the Polish National Science Centre (project no 2019/35/O/ST10/00032).

How to cite: Godziek, J. and Pawlik, Ł.: Automatic detection of pit-mound topography from LiDAR based DEMs, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3781, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3781, 2022.

Data-driven reconstructions of palaeo-ice sheets based on their landform records are required for validation and improvement of numerical ice sheet models. In turn, such models can be used to better predict the future responses of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets to climate change. We are exploiting the recent expansion in availability and coverage of very-high-resolution (1–2 m) digital elevation models (DEMs) within the domain of the former Fennoscandian Ice Sheet to reconstruct its flow pattern evolution from the glacial landform record.

The Fennoscandian Ice Sheet reached its maximum extent at 21–20 ka. Previous data-driven reconstructions over the whole ice sheet domain (encompassing Fennoscandia, northern continental Europe and western Russia) have necessarily relied upon landform mapping from relatively coarse-resolution (decametre-scale) data, predominantly from satellite images and aerial photographs. However, high-resolution (1–2 m/pixel resolution) LiDAR DEMs have recently become available over a large portion of the ice sheet domain above contemporary sea level. This reveals previously unobserved assemblages of landforms which record past ice sheet flow, including fine-scale cross-cutting and superposition relationships between landforms. These observations are likely to reveal previously unidentified complexity in the flow evolution of the ice sheet. However, the richness of the data available over such a large area amplifies labour-intensity challenges of data-driven whole-ice-sheet reconstructions; it is not possible to map every flow-related landform (or even a majority of the landforms) manually in a timely manner. We therefore present a new multi-scale sampling approach for systematic and comprehensive ice-sheet-scale mapping, which aims to overcome the data-richness challenge while maintaining rigor and providing informative data products for model-data comparisons.

We present in-progress mapping products covering Finland, Norway and Sweden produced using our new multi-scale sampling approach. The products include mapping of >200 000 subglacial bedforms and bedform fields, and a summary map of ‘landform linkages’. Landform linkages summarise the detailed landform mapping but do not extrapolate over large distances between observed landforms. Thus, they provide a reduced data product that is useful for regional-scale flow reconstruction and model-data comparisons and remains closely tied to landform observations. The landform linkages will be reduced further into longer interpretative flowlines, which we will then use to generate ‘flowsets’ describing discrete ice flow patterns within the ice sheet. We will use cross-cutting relationships observed in the detailed landform mapping to ascribe a relative chronology to overlapping flowsets where relevant. We will then combine the flowsets into a new reconstruction of the flow pattern evolution of the ice sheet.

How to cite: Butcher, F. E. G., Hughes, A. L. C., Ely, J. C., Clark, C. D., Lewington, E. L. M., Boyes, B. M., Scoffield, A. C., Howcutt, S., and Dowling, T. P. F.: A new, multi-scale mapping approach for reconstructing the flow evolution of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet using high-resolution digital elevation models., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4765, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4765, 2022.

The Bradanic Trough (Southern Italy) is the Pliocene-present-day south Apennines foredeep. It is filled by a thick Pliocene to Pleistocene sedimentary succession constituted by hemipelagites (Blue Clay Fm.) in the lower part, and coarse grained deposits (sands and conglomerates) in the upper part, shaped in marine or continental terraced environment.

On the eastern border of the Bradanic Trough along the Murgian Plateau (Apulia, Italy) numerous morphological lineaments are associated with sequential lowering and rotation of the surface, aligned with the carbonate substrate dip direction.

These morphologies have been interpreted so far as erosion products; their association with medium-deep water circulations and surface phenomena, like mud volcanoes, now allows their interpretation as a lumped mass, detached and tilted along shear surfaces.

The surface patterns of such surfaces may be easily detected for the presence, at some distance, of a quite similar twin track, which overlaps with good agreement.

The numerical analysis of the tracks extracted from accurate DTMs allows us to reconstruct the kinematic patterns of the tectonic displacement (distance of the detachment; rotation; angle of the shear plane). This type of analysis might reveal very useful in some fields of engineering geology, such as underground works, and for interpreting many hydrogeological phenomena within the study area. Finally, the correct 3D representation of the detached masses helps to identify the true causes of the direct faulting, which is not always linked to the tectonics, not active in the concerned regions.

How to cite: Spilotro, G., Andriani, G. F., Di Prizio, G., Decaro, K., Parisi, A., and Fidelibus, M. D.: Kinematic patterns of tectonic displacements in the Blue Clay outcrops along the eastern border of the Bradanic Trough (Southern Italy) from DTM data processing, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-5872, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-5872, 2022.

The Gulf of Mexico is characterized by a high geodiversity that influences hydrodynamics patterns and drives biological and human uses of the seafloor. In 2017, the United States Bureau of Ocean Energy Management released a 1.4-billion-pixel bathymetric dataset of the deep northern Gulf of Mexico, with a pixel size of about 12m. The computational power required to analyze this dataset has limited its use so far. Here, geomorphometry was used to characterize the seafloor of the deep northern Gulf of Mexico at multiple spatial resolutions. Flat areas and slopes cover more than 70% of the studied area, yet thousands of smaller morphological features like peaks and pits were identified. Spatial comparisons confirmed that analyses at different spatial scales capture different features. A composite product combining seafloor classification at multiple scales helped highlight the dominant seafloor features and the scale at which they are best captured.

How to cite: Lecours, V.: Geomorphometry of the deep Gulf of Mexico, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-5990, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-5990, 2022.

The long-term (ka to ma) degradation of a volcanic edifice is controlled by both regional (e.g., climate, tectonics) and local factors (e.g., original morphology, lithology), resulting in both long-lasting weathering and river incision and short-term hazardous events, such as flank collapses and lahars. Trends among the morphometry of stratovolcanoes, their drainage network, denudation, and regional factors were recently characterised for composite volcanoes along the Indonesian arc. Denudation was shown to be negatively correlated with drainage density; the across-arc variations expose a tectonic control on the level of denudation and volcanoes’ irregularity. This study applies the same method on age-constrained volcanoes in Japan to find coherent trends between arcs despite the different local and regional factors. We aim to better understand the factors that control erosion rates and patterns, and the evolutionary phases of volcano degradation.       

We first compile a dataset of 35 singular, non-complex composite volcanoes with known eruption ages and spatially spread throughout the Japanese Island arc system. Using 30m TanDEM-X Digital Elevation Models, morphologies, and drainage metrics (e.g., volume, height, slopes, irregularity index, Hack’s Law exponent, and drainage density) are extracted for each volcano, using the MORVOLC algorithm adapted in MATLAB as well as the newly developed DrainageVolc algorithm. Correlations between the morphometric parameters and potential controlling factors (e.g., age, climate, lithology, and tectonics) are analysed to determine quantitative relationships of edifice degradation throughout the arc. Finally, we compare relationships and correlation values of the Japanese Arc system to those from the Indonesian Arc.   

The analysis shows that volcano age is positively correlated with irregularity and negatively correlated with height and volume. From the drainage parameters, we find that basins become wider and merge, resulting in lower drainage densities. The variation in erosion rates along the Japanese arc provides evidence for the degree of climatic control on the volcano degradation. The between-arc comparison shows which trends are susceptible to arc-scale variations and highlights consistent trends that have the potential to be extrapolated to other volcanic arcs and be used as a relative age determination tool for composite volcanoes.

How to cite: van Wees, R. M. J., O'Hara, D., Grosse, P., Kereszturi, G., Lahitte, P., and Kervyn, M.: Quantifying the morphometry and drainage patterns of composite volcanoes: A comparison of the Japanese and Indonesian volcanic arcs  , EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6152, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6152, 2022.

The Augšdaugava spillway valley located in SE Latvia has a system of river terraces formed by both glacio-fluvial and fluvial processes. The flight of terraces forms a staircase-like relief in the riverine landscape and represents the evidence of valley evolution during the transition from glacial to post-glacial conditions in this region. Hence terraces are substantial ‘archives’ of paleoenvironmental data and their geomorphometry could provide key information for untangling geomorphological history of the spillway valley. Hence the need for precise identification and mapping of terraces is obvious. However, these landforms, particularly upper terraces commonly are poorly preserved. It is a result of the interplay of many geological processes – channel incision, lateral erosion in the course of the river Daugava meandering, mass wasting etc., leaving discontinuous remnants of terraces along to the present-day long profile of the river. Previously, mapping of these features was performed via extensive field surveys and to some extent by interpretation of aerial images or topographic maps, because the presence of tree cover hinders the identification of terraces by conventional geomorphological techniques. Thereby due to the poor preservation of fluvial landforms and the abundant vegetation cover, the previously mapped terrace surfaces and inferred levels may be questionable.

Yet the now available high-resolution LiDAR data in Latvia and application of modern GIS-based techniques offer an opportunity to resolve these problems. Hence the main goal of the study was to apply a methodology based on using LiDAR-derived DEM and combining different semi-automated GIS analysis tools for the identification, mapping and morphometric analysis of fluvial terraces in the valley. In this study, LiDAR data coverage (courtesy of the Latvian Geospatial Information Agency) was used to generate a DEM. LiDAR coverage consists of 317 data folders in *.LAS format, each one of 1 km² extent. DEM with 0.5 x 0.5 m pixel resolution and <15 cm vertical accuracy was created by ArcGIS PRO tool ‘LAS Dataset to Raster’ following the standard procedure of the IDW interpolation. After the construction of DEM, the TerEx toolbox integrated into the ArcGIS environment was used for the extraction and delineation of terrace surfaces. After the completion of GIS works, the ground-truthing of the obtained data on the location of fluvial terraces was performed during field geomorphological reconnaissance.

DEM analysis allowed to identify the terrace sequence in the Augšdaugava spillway valley consisting of eight different terrace levels – T1 to T8. From the applied methodology, authors were able to delineate surfaces of river terraces in those parts of the valley, where in the course of previous research terraces were interpreted incorrectly or even not identified at all. However, only terraces T1 and T2 can only be unambiguously identified by GIS-based extraction. Upper terraces with smoothened edges due to mass wasting and surfaces dissected by gullies are not easily recognizable. Hence, the presence of minor landforms which increase the topographical roughness of the surface directly influences the quality of extracted data, thus leading to the necessity of an extensive amount of manual editing.

How to cite: Soms, J. and Vorslavs, V.: Identification, GIS-based mapping and morphometric analysis of river terraces from airborne LiDAR data in the Augšdaugava spillway valley, South-eastern Latvia, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6177, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6177, 2022.

Bankfull channel dimensions are of fundamental importance in fluvial geomorphology, to describe the geomorphic character of a river, as inputs to models which explain variations in morphology through time and space, and as initial processing steps in more detailed morphometric techniques. With ever-increasing availability of high-resolution elevation data (e.g. LiDAR), manual delineation of channel extents is a bottleneck which limits the geomorphic insights that can be gained from that data.

We developed and tested two automated channel delineation methods that define bankfull according to different criteria and thus reflect different conceptualisations of bankfull extent: (1) a cross-sectional method (termed HydXS) that identified the elevation which maximises hydraulic depth (cross-section area/wetted width); and (2) a neural network image segmentation model trained on images derived from a LiDAR digital elevation model.

HydXS outperformed the neural network method overall, but the two methods were comparable in larger streams (> 20 m bankfull width; Dice coefficient ~0.85). Prediction accuracy of HydXS was generally high (overall precision 89%; recall 81%), performing well even in small streams (bankfull width ~ 10 m). HydXS performed worst in incised and recovering stream sections (precision 93%; recall 64%) where the choice between macro-channel and inset channel was somewhat arbitrary (both for the algorithm and manual delineation). The neural network outperformed HydXS where an inset channel was present. The neural network method performed worst in small streams and where other features (e.g. road embankments, small ditches) were misclassified as channels. Neural network performance was improved markedly by trimming the area of interest to a 100-m wide buffer along the stream, eliminating many areas prone to misclassification.

The two methods provide different ways to effectively leverage high-resolution LiDAR datasets to gain information about channel morphology. These methods are a significant step forward as they can delineate bankfull elevation, as well as bankfull width, and operate using morphology alone. HydXS is an objective method that doesn’t require training, can be run on consumer-level hardware, and can perform well in small streams, but requires manual work to develop the necessary spatial framework of an accurate channel centerline. The neural network model is a promising method to delineate larger channels (>20 m wide) without requiring detailed centerline or cross-section data, given adequate training data for the stream type of interest (i.e. expert-delineated bankfull channel extents). We envisage that further improvement of the neural network method is possible by scaling the input image extents to catchment area, and training on a larger dataset from multiple regions to increase generalizability. 

How to cite: Russell, K., Garber, J., Thompson, K., Kunapo, J., Burns, M., and Zhang, G.: Automated tools for identifying bankfull river channel extents: developing and comparing objective and machine-learning methods, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6681, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6681, 2022.

Despite the long record of applications and the well-known theoretical framework, geostatistical based image/surface texture tools have still not gained a wide diffusion in the context of geomorphometric analysis, even for the evaluation of surface roughness. Many geomorphometric studies dealing with various aspect of surface roughness use well-known approaches based on vector dispersion of normals to surface or even the popular Topographic Ruggedness Index. In many comparative studies on roughness metrics, geostatistical approaches are cited but not tested; in other studies, geostatistical approaches are tested using algorithms not adapted to the analysis of morphometric data. In remote sensing, geostatistical approaches are more popular, even if there is not a consensus on which are the most suited metrics for computing image texture indices. In metrology of manufactured surfaces, equipped by various industrial standards for surface texture measurements, approaches based on autocorrelation are widely adopted.  However, “natural” surfaces and related morphogenetic factors are much more complex than manufactured surfaces and ad-hoc concepts and algorithms should be devised. This presentation is mainly focused on topographic surface analysis, but the considerations and results are applicable also in the context of image analysis. This presentation aims to clarify some aspects of the geostatistical methodologies, highlighting the effectiveness and flexibility in the context of multiscale and directional evaluation of surface texture. In doing this, the connections with other methodologies and concepts related to spatial data analysis are highlighted. Finally, it is introduced a simplified algorithm for computing surface roughness indices, which does not require the preliminary detrending of the input DEM.

References

ATKINSON, P.M. and LEWIS, P., 2000. Geostatistical classification for remote sensing: An introduction. Computers and Geosciences, 26(4), pp. 361-371.

BALAGUER, A., RUIZ, L.A., HERMOSILLA, T. and RECIO, J.A., 2010. Definition of a comprehensive set of texture semivariogram features and their evaluation for object-oriented image classification. Computers and Geosciences, 36(2), pp. 231-240.

GUTH, P.L., 2001. Quantifying terrain fabric in digital elevation models. GSA Reviews in Engineering Geology, 14, pp. 13-25.

HERZFELD, U.C. and HIGGINSON, C.A., 1996. Automated geostatistical seafloor classification - Principles, parameters, feature vectors, and discrimination criteria. Computers and Geosciences, 22(1), pp. 35-41.

TREVISANI, S., CAVALLI, M. and MARCHI, L., 2009. Variogram maps from LiDAR data as fingerprints of surface morphology on scree slopes. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 9(1), pp. 129-133.

TREVISANI, S., CAVALLI, M. and MARCHI, L., 2012. Surface texture analysis of a high-resolution DTM: Interpreting an alpine basin. Geomorphology, 161-162, pp. 26-39.

TREVISANI, S. and ROCCA, M., 2015. MAD: Robust image texture analysis for applications in high resolution geomorphometry. Computers and Geosciences, 81, pp. 78-92.

TREVISANI, S. and CAVALLI, M., 2016. Topography-based flow-directional roughness: Potential and challenges. Earth Surface Dynamics, 4(2), pp. 343-358.

How to cite: Trevisani, S.: Returning to geostatistical-based analysis of image/surface texture: from generalization to a basic one-click short-range surface roughness algorithm, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6924, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6924, 2022.

With the development of remote sensing technologies the application of different geospatial models in research has become increasingly important. Terrain relief is the difference in elevation between the high and low points of a land surface, that is, the change in the height of the ground over the area. Terrain relative relief (or elevation) is the relative difference in elevation between a morphological feature and those features surrounding it (e.g. height difference between a peak and surrounding peaks, a depression and surrounding depressions etc.). Together with terrain morphology, ppland other terrain attributes, it is useful for describing how the terrain affects intertidal and subtidal processes.

 Appropriate decision-making tools are required for urban and rural planning, design and management. The usage of DEM (Digital Elevation Model), DSM (Digital Surface Model) and DTM (Digital Terrain Model) helps researchers and designers to analyse issues connected with drainage, geology, earth crust movements, sound and radio-wave distribution, wind effects, exposure to sun, etc. Analysis of the future scenarios of geospatial models has an essential role in the field of water management and various environmental topics. This research aims to focus on the environmental issues in a context of water quality and hydrology.

How to cite: Grinberga, L., Celms, A., Sietins, K., Lidumnieks, T., Brinkmanis-Brimanis, M., and Luksa, J.: The Application of Relief Models for Environmental Solutions: Review, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7860, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7860, 2022.

High-resolution Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data provide unique opportunities for landscape-scale mapping of hydrological features. LiDAR-derived digital elevation models are particularly valuable for identifying channel networks in densely forested landscapes, where satellite imagery-based mapping approaches are challenged by forest canopies. Artificial drainage practices have caused widespread alteration of northern landscapes of Europe and North America which likely have had significant impacts on hydrological connectivity and ecosystem functioning. However, these artificial channels are rarely considered in ecosystem management and poorly represented in existing geomorphological datasets. In this study, we conducted a landscape-scale analysis across 11 selected study regions in Sweden using LiDAR data for the virtual reconstruction of artificial drainage ditches to understand the extent of their ecological impacts.

We utilized a 0.5 m resolution digital elevation model for mapping natural channel heads and artificial ditches across the study regions. We also implemented a unique approach by back-filling ditches in the current digital elevation model to recreate the prehistoric landscape. This enabled us to map and model the channel networks of prehistoric (natural) and current (drained) landscapes. We found that 58% of the prehistoric natural channels had been converted to ditches. Moreover, the average channel density increased from 1.33 km km^‑2 in the prehistoric landscape to 4.66 km km^-2 in the current landscape, indicating substantial ditching activities in the study regions.

Our study highlights the need for accurate delineation of natural and artificial channel networks in northern landscapes for effective ecosystem restoration and management. We presented an innovative technique for comparing the channel networks between the prehistoric natural landscape and current modified landscape by integrating advanced LiDAR data, extensive manual digitization, and modeling; a highly suitable combination for channel network mapping in dense forest landscapes. The developed methodology can be implemented in any landscape for understanding the extent of human modification of natural channel networks to guide future environmental management activities and policy formulation.

How to cite: Paul, S. S., Hasselquist, E. M., Lidberg, W., and Ågren, A. M.: Mapping of natural and artificial channel networks in forested landscapes using LiDAR data to guide effective ecosystem management, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8728, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8728, 2022.

Ecodiversity stems from the interaction between the biosphere and the geosphere, and it is one of the necessary conditions for achieving a sustainable planet. Thus, the relationship between geodiversity and biodiversity should be clearly defined. The  relationship between climate and topography in roughened mountain areas at low-latitudes, as constrains for the high values of biodiversity, has already been established. As a consequence, topography is the first and most important input parameter for investigating the connections between abiotic and biotic variety. Spatial analysis in a GIS framework is the key approach to better understand the role of topographic and hydrographic variables in evaluating geodiversity (geomorphodiversity) .

In this paper we focused on analyzing urban areas, where in 2030 60% of the world's population is expected to live. A science of cities is the future challenge for Earth Sciences: urban geomorphology could be the key to have a complete overview on the abiotic and biotic parameters in sustainable cities. To achieve this aim, the conservation of urban biodiversity is fundamental. Analysing the correlation between substantial geodiversity and biodiversity may be a guideline for science of cities and for designing and managing sustainable urban areas.

These ideas, if transposed in an urban context, should go beyond morphometric analysis of topography and take into account anthropogenic features and natural landforms modified by humans in time.  To this end, geomorphological mapping is fundamental to calibrate the quantitative models in a truly multidisciplinary approach to a science of cities and urban biodiversity. We consider our contribution as a new model for the analysis of geodiversity in urban areas.

How to cite: Burnelli, M., Alvioli, M., Melelli, L., and Pica, A.: Geodiversity as a key component for the evaluation of urban biodiversity, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-9650, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-9650, 2022.

State-of-the-art applications in various earth science domains shows that different classification methods are playing an increasingly important role in mapping due to their improving accuracy. However, in the field of geological mapping, the exclusive use of morphometric and spectral indices in classification models are still often considered as subsidiary mapping tools. This is particularly true in areas where the surface is covered by vegetation and the soil layer is relatively thick, since in such places geological structures can only be observed at first hand at rock outcrops. The aim of our research is to investigate the automatic mapping of rock outcrops in the Dorog Basin in Hungary, where outdated geological maps are currently being updated. In this research, we applied the random forest classification combined with a wider range of input data including satellite imagery and ecosystem information.

The Dorog Basin, located in northern central Hungary, has a medium-density settlement network, with built-up and cultivated areas alternating with areas of wooded or scrub-covered terrain with rugged topography. The region is tectonically fragmented, where former fluvial erosion is of great importance. In several cases the Mesozoic carbonates, Paleogene limestones or limnic coal sequences outcrop the Quaternary sediments resulting a diverse, although a well identifiable surface. In the 86.86 km² study area, the input of the model included 14 morphometrical raster layers derived from SRTM-1, six raster layers with mineral indices derived from Sentinel II, and one ecosystem layer [1], all set to a uniform ~25m resolution. To test the performance of random forest classification in modelling pre-Quaternary formations, we applied two different approaches. In the first one, we used conventional training areas to model pre-Quaternary outcrops, as well as we modelled the physical characteristics of the surface formations. Whereas in the second one, we modelled the pre-Quaternary outcrops and physical characteristics of the surface formations by using randomly selected zones on the study area with around 6000-10000 random training polygons. The randomly generated training polygons were circles of about 1-2 pixels in size around points.  The training areas were derived from the former geological map of the Dorog Basin [2]. The importance of input parameters were also observed for further use. A six-fold cross-validation of the selected training areas showed that the two methods were equally accurate, but the automatic processing of randomly selected training areas was faster.

Based on the modelling results, the pre-Quaternary rock outcrops of the area can be determined with at least 80% confidence using random forest classification. These results will be used in future field mapping, which will also provide a field validation of the method.

From the part of G.A. financial support was provided from the NRDI Fund of Hungary, Thematic Excellence Programme no. TKP2020-NKA-06 (National Challenges Subprogramme) funding scheme.

[1] Ecosystem Map of Hungary. DOI: 10.34811/osz.alapterkep

[2] Gidai, L., Nagy, G., & Sipass, S. (1981). Geological map of the Dorog Basin 1: 25 000. [in Hungarian] Geological Institute of Hungary, Budapest.

How to cite: Pogácsás, R. and Albert, G.: Automatic detection of rock outcrops on vegetated and moderately cultivated areas, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10469, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10469, 2022.

Remotely piloted aircrafts (UAVs) and Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry (SfM) have become a widely used approach for producing high-resolution topographical measurements of river systems. This approach has the benefit of capturing data over large spatial scales while requiring little time in the field. In small, forested rivers, the dense canopy has hindered the use of remote sensing techniques, limiting topographic data collection to more time-consuming and lower-resolution methods. This complicates monitoring the response of these systems to individual floods, as in many situations there is not enough time to complete more time-consuming surveys between events.

In this study, we pilot the use of sub-canopy UAV surveys (flown at 1-3 m altitude) to monitor the response of a small mountain stream (1-3 m wide) in British Columbia to a sediment pulse generated by the removal of an upstream culvert. Using eleven surveys flown over a three-year period, we track the downstream propagation of the pulse and the subsequent responses in bed topography and roughness along the 240 m reach. We observe a “build-and-carve” response of the channel, where some channel segments aggrade during the first floods after pulse generation, whereas others undergo little morphologic activity. In subsequent floods, these aggradational segments rework through the carving of well-defined channels that release this aggraded sediment downstream. These “build-and-carve” segments serve as temporary storage reservoirs that caused the pulse to fragment as it progressed downstream. The locations of these storage reservoirs were set by the initial channel morphology and the movement of in-stream wood and debris. This study highlights the importance of temporary sediment storage reservoirs for fluvial morphodynamics and provides some insights and suggestions for the future monitoring of forested river systems using sub-canopy drone surveys.

How to cite: McDowell, C., Carina, H., David A., R., and Marwan, H.: Response of a small mountain river to a sediment pulse tracked using sub-canopy UAV surveys, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10675, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10675, 2022.

Advancements in processing strategies of time series interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has resulted in improved deformation monitoring and DEM generation. Both of the applications use phase unwrapping, which involves finding and adding the unknown correct number of phase cycles to the wrapped phase. It is an inverse process of recovering the absolute phase from the wrapped phase, and the objective is to remove the 2π-multiple ambiguity. Ideally, it could be achieved by addition or subtraction of 2π at each pixel depending on the phase difference between the neighboring pixels. The problem appears effortless but brings challenges due to noise and inconsistencies. The conventional methods require improvements in terms of accurately estimating the unknown number of phase cycles and dealing with phase jumps. Recently, deep learning methods have been used extensively in the domain of remote sensing to solve complex image processing problems such as object detection and localization, image classification, etc. Since all the pixels in a stack of interferograms are not used in unwrapping, and the pixels used are scattered irregularly, modeling the unwrapping problem as an image classification problem is infeasible. In this work, we deploy Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), a class of deep learning methods designed to infer information from input graphs to solve the unwrapping problem. Phase unwrapping can be posed as a node classification problem using GNN, where each pixel is treated as a node. The method is aimed to exploit the capability of GNNs in correctly predicting the phase count of each pixel. The proposed work aims to improve the computational efficiency and accuracy of the unwrapping process, resulting in reliable estimation of displacement.

How to cite: Srivastava, A., Tiwari, A., Narayan, A. B., and Dikshit, O.: InSAR phase unwrapping using Graph neural networks, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-11010, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11010, 2022.

Understanding the mechanism of fault rupture is important to minimize earthquake damage and to estimate the impacts of future earthquakes. In this study, we observed surface displacements caused by the Hovsgol earthquake (Mw 6.7) in January 2021 using three Differential Interferometric SAR (DInSAR) pairs of Sentinel-1B at descending node and ALOS-2 at ascending and descending nodes, and then estimated the source parameters of the earthquake by the inversion of the observed displacement fields. The maximum surface displacement in the radar look direction was 21 cm at the Sentinel-1 descending node, and 32 cm and 26 cm at the ALOS-2 ascending and descending node, respectively. All differential interferograms showed three fringe patterns near the epicenter, which suggests that there were three rupture planes with different slips. We performed the inversion modeling of the DInSAR-observed surface displacements assuming three rupture planes with different slip magnitudes and directions. The values of normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) between the modelled and observed displacements were smaller than 4% for all DInSAR observations. The spatial distribution of modelled displacements was matched to the observed one. The source parameters of fault estimated by the inversion were closely consistent with the measurements by United States Geological Survey and Global Centroid Moment Tensor. The inversion results demonstrated that the assumption of our inversion modeling (three rupture planes) is reasonable.

How to cite: Kim, T. and Han, H.: Source parameters of the 2021 Hovsgol earthquake (Mw 6.7) in Mongolia estimated by using Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 DInSAR, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-11152, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11152, 2022.

1.    INTRODUCTION

Monitoring land use and land cover change (LULCC) is one of the best methods to understand the interactive changes of agriculture, climate change, and ecological dynamics. In eastern Asia, Taiwan is characterized by high population density, rich biodiversity, and complex terrain. However, recent climate change has impacted the people and ecosystems in Taiwan.  Therefore, we applied landscape metrics and the deep learning U-net semantic segmentation model to enhance the remote sensing images based LULCC monitoring efficiency and take a case study in suburban areas of central Taiwan, a place that plays an important economic role in Taiwan occupied with intensive agricultural activities.

2.    METHOD

This study focuses on six townships in Nantou County in Central Taiwan, where the major agricultural products are rice, tea, and fruit. We obtained four dates of Sentinel-2 images in February for 2018 and 2021 and classified the landscape into five classes: agricultural, forest, built-up, free water bodies, and bare land. The spectral bands information (Blue, Green, Red, NIR), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) were obtained for establishing the deep learning U-net semantic segmentation model. The accuracy and the loss function of the training model results are 0.89 and 0.02, respectively. In addition, the ground truth data was consulted with the official land-use classification information and the high spatial resolution imagery in Google Earth Pro. Finally, we analysed the classified images' results to detail the study area's changing trajectory to explore the complex spatiotemporal landscape patterns.

3.    RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

According to the result, the forest area on the eastern side accounts for more than 70% of the study area. The construction area and the agricultural area have an upward trend during the research period (16% and 5%); in addition, except for the number of patches in free water bodies decreased, all other categories had an upward trend, especially the construction and agricultural area are the largest. The Shannon's Evenness Index reflects that all patches are evenly distributed in space and the area-weighted average fractal dimension index decreases reflecting possible influences of anthropogenic activities. Thus, the results indicate an increasing level of fragmentation, supported by the decrease of the area-weighted average fractal dimension index. In conclusion, using satellite imagery with the deep learning U-net semantic segmentation model can sufficiently discern a detailed LULCC. Furthermore, with the combination of landscape matrix information, the interactions between humans and the environment can be understood better quantitatively.

References

Huete, A. R., Hua, G., Qi, J., Chehbouni, A., & Van Leeuwen, W. J. D., 1992: Normalization of multidirectional red and NIR reflectances with the SAVI. Remote Sensing of Environment, 41(2-3), 143-154.

Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P., & Brox, T., 2015: U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. In International Conference on Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention (pp. 234-241). Springer, Cham.

Rouse, J. W., Haas, R. H., Schell, J. A., Deering, D., Deering, W. 1973: Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS, ERTS Third Symposium, NASA SP-351 I, pp. 309-317.

How to cite: Zhuang, Z.-H. and Tsai, H. P.: Application of Deep Learning Model to LULCC Monitoring using Remote Sensing Images-A case study in suburban areas of central Taiwan, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-11764, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11764, 2022.

To enhance the understanding of aeolian landforms and their processes, the assessment of origin, migration and evolution of newly-born sand dunes is vital. In this regard, Lake Urmia, in NW Iran, was considered as a representative case study, given that it has lost approximately two-thirds of its water volume in the past two decades and, consequently, the newly-born sand ridges and sand dunes on its western shores were formed. The emerging sand dunes are located close to the villages, adjacent to the agricultural and farmlands, international transit road, and industrial zone, encompassing the whole area. The present study aims to assess the sand dunes’ origin and their migration both in speed and direction in the past decade.

To understand the questions above, remote sensing techniques and in-field studies were coupled. Therefore, wind data from the closest meteorological station were employed to calculate the wind rose, drift potential (DP), the resultant drift potential (RDP), and the resultant drift direction (RDD) across the region. Change detection techniques using high-resolution satellite images were chosen to detect the migration rate and morpho-dynamic changes of Lake Urmia sand dunes. To classify the geomorphological features and land uses in the region, a hybrid supervised classification approach including a customised decision tree classifier was used to distinguish sand dune units from other signatures. Using the minimum bounding geometry method, feature classes were created. These feature classes represent the length, width, and orientation of sand dunes, retrieved after the image classification process. Also, fieldwork surveying was carried out on the sixteen sand dunes in different periods to measure the morphological and evolutionary changes.

 As the wind results show, the trend of DP parameters between the years 2006-2009 and the years 2015-2020, the percentage of wind speeds above the threshold velocity (V>Vt%) to DP has significant gaps, suggestive of weaker winds in those periods. However, between the years 2009-2015, the V>Vt% and DP values are corresponding and coequal. This indicates that the most erosive and shifting winds are between 2009-2015, with the weakest wind power in tails. Moreover, the annual variability of DPt is well correlated with Lake Urmia water level changes; but there is no correlation between the DPt and precipitation amount. The evaluation of image processing results depicted that after 2003, the area of sand dunes had dramatically increased. On average, the smallest area belongs to 2010 (287.3 m2), and the largest area is for years 2019 (775.96 m2), 2018 (739.08 m2), and 2017 (739.74 m2). In addition, between the years 2010 and 2014, a significant increase in area of the sand dunes from 287.25 to 662.8 m2 was observed. The migration rate is the highest between 2010 and 2015, with the lowest values before 2010 and after 2015.

The results of this study have broad implications in the context of sustainable development and climate-related challenges, ecosystem management and policy-making for regions with sand dune challenges, hence crucial insights can be gained by coupling remote sensing techniques and in-situ studies.

How to cite: Ahmady-Birgani, H., Ravan, P., Yao, Z., and Afrasinei, G. M.: Newly-Born Sand Dunes of Lake Urmia: Assessing Migration Rate and Morphodynamic Changes Using Remote Sensing Techniques and Field Studies, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-12041, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12041, 2022.

The supervised mapping of landforms last years got high levels based on classic classification methods and new artificial intelligence techniques. However, it is often difficult to create train data for large and diverse areas, and we can face up with differences between expert-to-expert landforms interpretation. It can be solve using unsupervised classification - a less effective in general case, but more objective. The way to make more effective classification - to create special input variables (to account local specificity of landforms) aimed to show real terrain structure. Study region - Yamal Peninsula (Arctic coast of Russia), covered sea accumulative and erosional plains, reshaped by some cryogenic processes, especially thermokarst, with many lake hollows. We used ArcticDEM 32m and decomposition of DEM with 2D FFT by moving windows with sequence of sizes from 1.5 to 3 km (by the interval of 0.3 km) and with lag around 150 m (overlapping - 90-95 %). The 9 variables were computed: 1) magnitude of the main wave in the height field, 2) wavelength of the main wave, 3) importance (share of the height variation) of the fix pool of biggest harmonic waves, 4-6) orthogonal (N-S and W-E) components of the general direction of the height fluctuations (and the significance of the direction), 7-9) coefficients of the exponential trend equation for approximation wave's frequencies/magnitudes distribution. We then trained the model of landforms clustering for the study area using Kohonen network and the hierarchic clustering was used for additional generalization. The medium-scale (750 m / pix, it is matched to maps at the scale 1:500 000 - 1:1 000 000) map of Yamal Peninsula landforms was created. Seven classes of landforms were recognized. The study was supported by Russian Science Foundation (project no. 19-77-10036).

How to cite: Kharchenko, S.: Medium-scale unsupervised landform mapping of the Yamal Peninsula (Russia) using 2D Fourier decomposition of the ArcticDEM, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-12383, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12383, 2022.

Himalayas are seismically very active regions of the world due to ongoing continent-continent collision between India and Eurasia. The Himalayas are known to have hosted deadliest earthquakes in the past century and considering the exponential growth of population in megacities of Gangetic plains, a proper seismic hazard evaluation is very critical in this region. In this regard, the present and past slip rates along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) are very important for understanding the convergence pattern and recurrence intervals of major earthquakes. Although geodetically derived short-term convergence rates are consistence with geologically derived long-term slip rates, this correlation is based on selected studies of uplifted Holocene terraces reporting geologically derived slip rates in Central and North-West Himalayas. There is no such reporting of Geological uplift rates from Nahan Salient in NW Himalayas. We have identified uplifted and truncated quaternary terraces along HFT in Nahan Salient Northwest Himalayas through cartosat-I stereo data. We mapped and dated the uplifted terraces in order to understand the long-term convergence rates over Holocene time period. The vertical incision rates are then calculated with the help of OSL ages and height of terraces. Assuming the vertical uplift is due to repeated past earthquakes along HFT dipping at 30°, vertical uplift rates are calculated to be 2.6 mm/yr, which equates to a fault slip rate of 5.16 mm/yr and a horizontal shortening rate of 3 mm/yr. Along with that last tectonic activity along HFT is also bracketed using age of uplifted terraces and unfaulted capping units from an exposed section of HFT fault plane along river section. The OSL ages suggest that the HFT was active between 3.8±0.4Ka and 0.706±0.15Ka. Assuming that no deformation has occurred along HFT after 0.706±0.15Ka a slip deficit of 3.6 m has been accumulated which is sufficient to generate a large earthquake in the Nahan Salient NW Himalayas.

How to cite: Singh, G., Thakur, M., and Malik, J. N.: Incision and Fault slip rates along Himalayan Frontal Thrust in Nahan Salient in Northwestern Himalayas: Implications for seismic hazard assessment., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-561, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-561, 2022.

Simple elastic dislocation models have been widely used to describe the surface displacements associated with subduction zone earthquake cycles. To first order, these assume a portion of the plate interface is locked during the interseismic period, inducing subsidence in the offshore domain and uplift in the onshore region. In contrast, megathrust earthquakes will impart the opposite surface displacement with offshore uplift and onshore subsidence. Such a purely elastic description of the earthquake cycle implies that interseismic deformation should be entirely compensated by large megathrust earthquakes, amounting to effectively zero deformation over numerous cycles. Recent studies however propose that spatial patterns of interseismic (short-term) deformation are reflected in long-term trends of coastal uplift (Jolivet et al., 2020), as well as in the morphology of subduction margins, which is shaped over 100s of kyrs by the interaction of tectonic and surface processes (Malatesta et al., 2021). This suggests that the repetition of seemingly elastic cycles somehow leads to non-recoverable long-term deformation.

We postulate that a small increment of inelastic deformation accumulates during each interseismic phase, leading to a long-term unbalance of co-, post- and interseismic strain. To test this hypothesis, we evaluate the variations in upper plate stress imparted by down-dip gradients in megathrust locking during the interseismic period in the Chile and Cascadia subduction zones. We add these changes to the estimated background stress state of the upper plate, and assess the extent of frictional yielding within the forearc as a function of interseismic slip deficit and upper plate strength. We find that the onset of yielding in the late interseismic phase coincides with observed areas of microseismicity at these subduction margins, typically located above the downdip end of the locked zone.

We then estimate the permanent surface uplift imparted by this upper plate yielding employing a statistical approach. We model frictional yielding of the forearc as incremental slip on a population of small faults whose spatial distribution reflects the fraction of the interseismic phase duration spent at yield. We further assume that the temporal distribution of these slip follows a Gutenberg-Richter distribution of parameters consistent with the observed microseismicity. Upon summing the displacements due to each of these dislocations, we estimate the irreversible surface displacement field associated with multiple seismic cycle.  This ultimately amounts to permanent uplift concentrated above the transition from freely slipping to fully coupled megathrust, and is consistent with the geometry and rates of long-term uplift recorded in Chile. We also demonstrate how our model can explain the recently reported correlation between location of downdip locking limit and shelf break in many active margins.

How to cite: Oryan, B., Olive, J.-A., Jolivet, R., Bruhat, L., and Malatesta, L.: Long-term coastal uplift due to non-recoverable forearc deformation during the interseismic phase of the subduction earthquake cycle, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-1557, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1557, 2022.

The postseismic deformation in the aftermath of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake showed a stronger surface movement in northeastern Japan (NE) with subsequent decays over time. In response to the coseismic stress perturbation, afterslip on the megathrust interface is held responsible for the short-term deformation while viscoelastic relaxation in the surrounding lithosphere largely contributes to the long-term crustal deformation (e.g., Ozawa et al. 2012, JGR). On the contrary, decade-long studies on the postseismic model implied the prevalence of viscoelastic flow during the early phase of postseismic deformation (e.g., Sun et al. 2014, Nature, Watanabe et al. 2014, GRL, Freed et al. 2017, EPSL; Muto et al. 2016, GRL). Although geodetic displacement at any GNSS station may not indicate the single domination of either viscoelastic relaxation or afterslip over the longer period after the earthquake, the densely deployed nationwide GNSS observations (GEONET) till ~2021 provides a definite opportunity to resolve the contributions of various source mechanisms and their evolution over time.

Time series of geodetic observations are mainly explained using a numerical simulation of the source mechanisms (e.g., Agata et al. 2019 Nat. commun.; Luo & Wang 2021, Nat. Geosci.; Muto et al. 2019, Sci. Adv.; Fukuda & Johnson 2021, JGR) or non-linear regression of a fitting function (Tobita 2016, EPS). Utilizing the lesson learnt from the postseismic model built on laboratory-derived constitutive laws, we proposed an analytical fitting function for the GNSS time-series over the NE Japan. We deploy statistical approaches to ensure its stability and robustness. Our analytical function can be used to fit and predict the postseismic displacements at GNSS stations and understand the relative contributions of source mechanisms in lesser efforts.  We conclude that the afterslip at the downdip of the main rupture zone may continue for several decades following the megathrust earthquake. The decade-long records of repeating earthquakes on the plate boundary reiterate a similar conclusion concerning the longer persistence of afterslip in the Japan subduction zone (Igarashi & Kato 2021, Commun. Earth Env.; Uchida 2019, PEPS).

Our results also show that viscoelastic relaxation dominates immediately following the mega-earthquake at most inland GNSS stations. This conclusion can be supported by comparing the geodetic displacements with aftershock decay patterns (Morikami & Mitsui 2020, EPS), including recently developed stress-dependent postseismic deformation models (Agata et al. 2019, Nat. Commun; Fukuda & Johnson 2021, JGR; Muto et al. 2019, Sci. Adv).  Nevertheless, the previous studies indicate a change in the dominant mechanism of the postseismic deformation after the year ~2013-2015, particularly evident in the vertical motion (Morikami & Mitsui 2020, EPS; Yamaga & Mitsui 2019, GRL). We suggest that the transient deformation of the viscoelastic mantle decayed significantly during the ~3-4 years of the postseismic period, allowing the afterslip rate to supersede. The higher uplift rate along the Pacific coast of NE Japan, even after a decade, may reflect the shift in the dominant mechanism to the afterslip, persisting at the downdip of the main rupture zone.

How to cite: Dhar, S. and Muto, J.: Geodetic inference on decadal afterslip following the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3457, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3457, 2022.

At the end of 2020, anomalous transient surface deformation was observed by an operational GNSS network at the Noto peninsula, Japan. Although the Noto peninsula locates far from the plate boundary, seismic observations recorded that seismic swarms were accompanied with this transient deformation. Nishimura et al. (2021, presentation at the 2021 Geodetic Society of Japan) estimated that this deformation and swarms may be associated with the intrusion of water from the subducting oceanic plate. Here I performed Sentinel-1 InSAR time series analysis to obtain more detailed view of this transient displacement and to investigate the mechanism of this phenomenon.
In the analysis, at first I created interferograms from Sentinel-1 IW SLCs using ISCE2 software. Then these interferograms were used for the LiCSBAS time series analysis. Orbital and topographic fringes were modeled and removed based on precise orbit information and SRTM 1-arcsecond DEM. No atmospheric corrections were applied. I used both ascending and descending paths so that I could calculate 2.5 dimensional analysis to derive quasi-horizontal and quasi-vertical displacements.
The result of Sentinel-1 time series showed that the transient displacement seems to start since the end of 2020, which is consistent with the result from the GNSS observation. The estimated largest surface velocities became 13 mm/year in ascending and 15 mm/year in descending. The 2.5 dimensional analysis suggested that the uplift was concentrated at the eastern front of the peninsula, which is also consistent with the GNSS observation. The derived displacement fields suggested that there is an inflation source but this need to be further investigation by, for example, using elastic spherical and/or rectangular fault models.
By the presentation, I will perform the InSAR atmospheric correction and source modelling and show these results.

How to cite: Kinoshita, Y.: Transient small displacement since the end of 2020 at Noto peninsula, Japan, revealed by Sentinel-1 InSAR time series analysis, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7145, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7145, 2022.

The 2013 April 16 Mw 7.7 Saravan earthquake, an intra-slab earthquake with a normal faulting mechanism at of 50 km depth, occurred in the western part of the Makran subduction zone, where the Arabian oceanic lithosphere subducts northward under Iran and Pakistan. This event was the first instrumental recorded earthquake with a magnitude larger than Mw 6 since the last century. Studying this earthquake using geodetic and seismological data brings a unique opportunity to measure surface displacement due to the earthquake and assess causative fault parameters. Furthermore, it enables us to address some problems in the Makran subduction zone including slab dip angle, depth of dip angle change.

We used interferograms generated from RADARSAT-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and coseismic GPS velocity field to combine with teleseismic P-wave data to model source fault parameters. First, we apply uniform slip modeling using a Bayesian bootstrap optimization nonlinear inversion method to find causative fault parameters. We specify search grids based on the LOS displacement map and focal mechanism solutions for each fault parameter to find the best solutions. These parameters include length, width, depth, strike, dip, rake, slip, location of the fault plane, rupture nucleation point, and origin time. Based on some prior tests and seismological information of earthquake, we decreased the search area of each parameter: depth 30- 70 km, dip 40˚- 80˚, strike 200˚-250˚, length 50-120 km, width 30-50 km, rake -150˚ -80˚ slip 1-4 m and let rupture nucleation point and origin time to be wide enough implying that all possible and reasonable fault geometry and kinematics parameters can be explored. Synthetic static displacements and seismic waveforms in a layered medium were computed with the Green's functions calculated using QSSP and PSGRN/PSCMP, respectively (Wang et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2017). A Green's function store contains pre-calculated Green's functions on a grid for combinations of source depth and source-receiver surface distance. For the layered half-space medium, we used the velocity structure of the GOSH seismic station to derive the Green Functions (Sebastian et al., 2016). After 450,000 iterations, the waveform fits, subsampled surface displacements as observed, modeled, and residual maps based on the best model are resolved. The distributions and resulting confidence intervals indicate that the parameters were well constrained. The joint inversion's best result indicates that the Saravan 2013 causative fault is a North-dipping normal fault with a dip of ~ 67°. The earthquake source length and width are approximately 120 and 80 km respectively.  In the second step, we model the derived fault plane in the previous step to retrieve the distributed slip model, allowing the slip to vary across the fault plane. In this step, all the parameters assumed fixed except slip. We extend fault length and width to 150 km and 100 km to prevent unwanted slip in the corners. The slip variation along the causative fault is characterized by one significant patch at the depth between 30-65 km with a maximum magnitude of about 4 m at 42-52 km.

How to cite: Walpersdorf, A., Amiri, M., Pathier, E., Mousavi, Z., Khorrami, F., and Samsonov, S. V.: Slip model of the 2013 April 16 Mw 7.7 Saravan intra-slab earthquake (Makran subduction zone) derived from InSAR, GPS, and Teleseismic P-wave modeling, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7507, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7507, 2022.

In the last decades, GNSS constraints and geological estimates of the fault slip rates improve the understating of the kinematics of faulting across Iran, particularly in the northeastern part of the country. Here, we complete the sparse GNSS vectors from previous reported studies around the Baghan Quchan fault zone (BQFZ) in northeastern Iran, by processing the Sentinel-1 archives covering this zone. According to tectonic and geodetic studies, the right-lateral BQFZ and the left-lateral Esfarayen fault constitute the northeastern and southern limits, respectively, of the easternmost part of the South Caspian Basin. While the BQFZ is limiting the SCB towards Eurasia, the Esfarayen fault is its border towards the Iranian microplate. We constructed 452 interferograms with 102 images from 2014.10.29 to 2019.10.27 (5 years) in descending geometry using the NSBAS package. We combined all three swaths (iw1, iw2, iw3) to cover the area of interest. The revisit time is 24 days between 2014.10.29 and 2017.02. 15, and 12 days from 2017.02.15 to 2019.10.27. To remove the hydrogeological land displacement effect (charge and discharge of aquifers), we chose the first (2014.10.29) and the last image (2019.10.27) at the same time of the year. Following the SBAS time series analysis approach, we created interferograms with short temporal (one or two months) and spatial baselines. Also, to avoid introducing any artificial signal in the mean velocity map, we created some interferograms with longer temporal baselines (maximum one year). We removed the neutral atmospheric delay using global reanalysis data provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Then, we filtered and unwrapped the generated interferograms. We applied the SBAS time series analysis on the generated interferograms to obtain displacement variations in time and a mean velocity map in the line of sight (LOS) direction of the satellites. The first noticeable point is the LOS mean velocity change across the BQFZ fault reaching up to ~1.5 mm/yr in the LOS direction, compatible with right-lateral displacement. Moreover, the mean velocity map varies significantly across the Esfarayen fault, in a sense coherent with left-lateral displacement. This velocity map points out that the NW motion of the South Caspian basin is effectively accommodated by the Esfarayen fault, while previous work based on the sparse GNSS network (Mousavi et al., 2013) suggested that the Bojnord fault further north is accommodating this NW motion. In particular, the new InSAR map indicates that the velocity vector of the permanent GNSS station ESFN used by Mousavi et al. (2013) is contaminated by subsidence motion and cannot be representative of a tectonic motion. This study brings new information for assessing seismic hazard in NE Iran with large population centers. Moreover, the retrieved mean velocity map indicates significant subsidence in Nishabour and Jajarm cities and Joveyn, Chahar Borj, Chenaran, Faruj and Ribat Jaz villages in Iran, as well as in the Yashklik city in Turkmenistan. This is the first report of subsidence occurring in Turkmenistan.

How to cite: Mousavi, Z., Walpersdorf, A., Pathier, E., and Walker, R.: InSAR constraints on interseismic slip-rate of the Esfarayen fault, northeastern Iran, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7630, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7630, 2022.

The Chihshang fault in Taiwan serves as one of the best examples of faults with a primarily thrust component that rapidly creep at the surface (2-3 cm/yr), while it is also known to have produced magnitude 6 earthquakes. The deeper portion of this thrust fault is typically offshore, where land-based geodetic measurements are insensitive to fault slip at greater depth. The understanding of inter-seismic slip rate at depth therefore, remains elusive. Taking advantages of slip rates inferred from repeating earthquake sequences (RES) at greater depth, here we present a modified method that embeds RES derived slip rate into the neighboring fault patch for geodetic data inversion. Using the geodetic and seismological data from 2007 to 2011, we reach the higher resolution of interseismic slip rate distribution below the depth of 15 km. The inferred low coupling ratio establishes the extensive creeping area that coincides with the location of abundant repeating earthquakes and swarm events. The inferred high coupling ratio on the other hand, delineates the locked area corresponding to the co- seismic slip zone of the 2003 Mw6 Chengkung earthquake. The postseismic area however, is found to mainly overlapped with the low coupling ratio area at shallow depth (freely creeping) but not where the microseismcity, repeating and swarm events are located (partially creeping). We propose that the strongly locked area is concentrated in the middle of the fault extending from near surface to the depth of 25 km, surrounded by the creeping areas where microseismicity, repeating and swarm events are taking place. We estimate that a slip rate deficit equivalent to Mw 6.26 has accumulated annually, which may be able to generate greater than Mw 7 event over an interval of 20 years. It is thus importance, to follow up by time-dependent kinematic model in the future for better estimate of large earthquake potential in this creeping fault.

How to cite: Peng, W., Radiguet, M., Pathier, E., and Chen, K. H.: Spatial distribution of creep on a creeping thrust fault: Joint inversion using geodetic data and repeating earthquakes, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8195, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8195, 2022.

Bob Elliott, Ken McCaffrey, Richard Walters (all Durham University), Dave Mackenzie (3vGeomatics), Laura Gregory (Leeds University)

Characterising near-fault deformation can improve understanding of how major co-seismic slip at depth is transferred to the surface. Deformation observed close to the fault scarp can identify where there has been shallow slip deficit, and the role of minor faults adjacent to the main faults as controlling influences in co-seismic slip distribution. However, field work and remote sensing techniques such as InSAR and GNSS are often inefficient or unreliable in characterising near-fault deformation due to exposure and data resolution issues. We use high resolution topographical models from optical satellite data from the Pleiades constellations to help identify the co-seismic deformation associated with the 30^th October 2016 Norcia earthquake.  We jointly inverted a total of 11 datasets including Pleiades-derived DEM difference data, InSAR and GNSS (far-field and short baseline)) for slip at depth following the method of Okada (1985). Compared to previous models derived from geodetic datasets, we used a relatively complicated fault geometry set-up in the area covered by the Pleiades datasets. By combining the near-fault input provided by the Pleiades data with far-field data we were able to model near-surface slip as well as slip at depth with a good fit to the Pleiades data, without losing the fit to the far-field data. The results show remarkable detail of slip transfer from the main faults onto minor structures in the hanging wall of the Monte Vettore fault within the top 2 km below the surface. Slip vectors near the surface also display considerable divergence from slip vectors at depth. This research provides valuable insight into the distribution of near-fault co-seismic slip in an area of complex faulting, 

How to cite: Elliott, B.: Characterising near-fault deformation in the Apennines through the use of high-resolution Pleiades optical satellite data, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8527, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8527, 2022.

Despite decades-long debate over the mechanics of low-angle normal faults dipping less than 30°, many questions about their strength, stress, and slip remain unresolved. Recent geologic and geophysical observations have confirmed that gently-dipping detachment faults can slip at such shallow dips and host moderate-to-large earthquakes. Here, we analyze the first 3D dynamic rupture models to assess how different stress and strength conditions affect rupture characteristics of low-angle normal fault earthquakes. We model observationally constrained spontaneous rupture under different loading conditions on the active Mai’iu fault in Papua New Guinea, which dips 16-24° at the surface and accommodates ~8 mm/yr of horizontal extension. We analyze four distinct fault-local stress scenarios: 1) Andersonian extension, as inferred in the hanging wall; 2) back-rotated principal stresses inferred paleopiezometrically from the exhumed footwall; 3) favorably rotated principal stresses well-aligned for low-angle normal-sense slip; and 4) Andersonian extension derived from depth-variable static fault friction decreasing towards the surface. Our modeling suggests that subcritically stressed detachment faults can host moderate earthquakes within purely Andersonian stress fields. Near-surface rupture is impeded by free-surface stress interactions and dynamic effects of the gently-dipping geometry and frictionally stable gouges of the shallowest portion of the fault. Although favorably-inclined principal stresses have been proposed for some detachments, these conditions are not necessary for seismic slip on these faults. Finally, we explore how off-fault damage and slip on steeper splay faults in the hanging wall of a detachment fault influences shallow rupture patterns and coseismic surface displacement during large earthquakes. We present a new suite of models with synthetic or antithetic splay faults dipping 45°, 60°, or 75° that incorporate off-fault plastic failure for different host rock strengths. Coseismic splay fault reactivation limits shallow slip on the detachment and localizes surface displacements outboard of the detachment trace, most strongly when synthetic shallowly-dipping splay faults are present. Our results demonstrate how integrated geophysical and geologic observations can constrain dynamic rupture model parameters to develop realistic rupture scenarios of active faults that may pose significant seismic and tsunami hazards to nearby communities.

How to cite: Biemiller, J., Gabriel, A., and Ulrich, T.: Mechanics of shallow slip in low-angle normal fault earthquakes: insight from 3D dynamic rupture models constrained by multi-timescale observations, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10556, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10556, 2022.

Continental earthquakes often nucleate at the brittle-plastic transition zone in the upper crust. Since the strength of the crust reaches the maximum here, it is inferred that strain is localized, leading to seismic rupture. Fault rock deformation experiments under pressure-temperature conditions simulating the brittle-plastic transition are key to unravel the processes triggering continental earthquakes. We investigated the mechanical behavior and post-mortem microstructure of simulated quartz-feldspar gouges using a Griggs-type solid medium apparatus. The samples consist of mixtures of powdered quartz: albite = 50 : 50 (wt%), which were sheared under pressure-temperature conditions simulating depths of 7 to 30 km, realizing a geothermal gradient of 30 °C/km and a lithostatic pressure corresponding to a granitoid rock density of 2700 kg/m³. Specifically, experiments were carried out at temperatures ranging from 210 °C to 900 °C and confining pressures ranging from 185 MPa to 870 MPa. The bulk shear strain rate was sequentially stepped between ~10^-3 and ~10^-4 /s. After the experiments, each sample was analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopy.

Experimental results show a clear positive dependence of the shear strength on temperature and pressure up to 720 °C and 750 MPa, suggesting the dominance of brittle deformation. On the contrary, when the condition rises to 900 °C and 870 MPa, the strength dropped by about 550 MPa compared with that of at 720 °C and 750 MPa. This may imply that the plastic deformation gradually has taken over the deformation. Microstructural observation revealed elongated grains with their long axes intersecting with the direction of a Riedel-1(R₁) shear plane (i.e., similar to a S-C fabric). Some grains were reduced in size to the nanometer range. Our observations suggest that shear strain was highly concentrated within fine-grained zones, which, we speculate, may lead to catastrophic rupture. Crack distributions illuminated by image analysis indicate that the formation mechanism of crack changes with temperature and pressure. At the lower temperature (~ 240 °C) and pressure (~ 212 MPa), cracks are short and oriented to various directions. However, as the temperature and pressure increase to 300 °C and 265 MPa, they become longer and the ratios of R₁- and Y- shears increase. This implies that cracks coalesce in the kinematically favored orientations for slip, making it easy to cause a rapid seismic rupture. Since such microstructural changes occur at relatively low temperatures (below 720 °C), it is expected that the structures at higher temperatures (720 °C or higher) show predominance of the plastic deformation. Our results imply that the brittle-plastic transition gradually takes place at the microscopic scale, even within the range where the bulk mechanical behavior indicates brittle deformation.

How to cite: Furukawa, M., Verberne, B. A., Muto, J., Takahashi, M., and Nagahama, H.: Shear of simulated quartz-feldspar aggregates under conditions spanning the brittle-plastic transition, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10732, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10732, 2022.

The 1949 M_w7.4 Khait and 1907 M_w7.6 Karatag earthquakes are the two largest earthquakes of the last ~100 years within Tajikistan, in a zone of convergence between the Pamir and Tian Shan ranges at a rate of ~1cm/yr. The historical nature of these events means seismological and geodetic data are lacking. As such, their locations and source parameters have been very uncertain – preventing our understanding of how they fit into the tectonic model of the north-western Pamir.  

Here we present calibrated earthquake relocations for the 1949 earthquake and focal mechanisms determined from digitised seismograms for the 1949 and 1907 earthquakes. We also present a catalog of precise relocations for moderate magnitude earthquakes from 1949 to the present in vicinity of the Vakhsh Thrust. Finally, we present earthquake surface rupture mapping from the Vakhsh Valley, determined from ultra-high resolution elevation models derived from satellite stereo-imagery.  

We find that the 1949 Khait earthquake did not occur on the Vakhsh Fault, a major right-lateral fault that bounds the northern margin of the Pamir, as previously thought. Instead it occurred on an unmapped fault in the Tian Shan basement. However, 10-20m scarps observed on the south Vakhsh valley show this fault is capable of producing large earthquakes. This tells us the Pamir–Tian Shan convergence is distributed across several basement faults capable of producing large earthquakes. It also tells us that the largest earthquakes may occur on faults which may appear minor in the landscape, which has implications for seismic hazard in the region.  

How to cite: Johnson, B., Kulikova, G., Bergman, E., Krueger, F., Pierce, I., Hollingsworth, J., Copley, A., Kendall, M., and Walker, R.: Source parameters and locations of the 1949 Mw7.4 Khait and 1907 Mw7.6 Karatag earthquakes: implications for how mountain ranges collide, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-12020, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12020, 2022.

Sedimentation has been a crucial problem in the management of storage in farm ponds, which cuts down the capability of ponds in aspects of irrigation, flood detention, and water retention. The Hydrosuction sediment removal system features low energy consumption and reduction of structural modifications to the existing shaft, which is an economically feasible method to remove siltation in storage areas. However, the effect of desilting might be limited due to the position of inflow orifice of siphon-type pipe which controls the scope of desilting affected area. This study aims to enhance the desilting effect of a fixed siphon system through connected a designed drainage tube.

The experiments were conducted in a cubic tank with a volume of 1.0 m³. Inside the tank, a vertical square shaft with the height of 80cm connected to an outlet channel was placed, and the siphon-type pipe was arranged from the inner of the tank to the outlet channel along with the shaft with a 3.0 cm inner diameter. The tests were performed in two kinds of inflow conditions in three water heights (60, 70, 80 cm), one is constant head inflow condition for continuous inflow provided, the other is falling head inflow condition with limited inflow supply. The initially deposited depths of sediment varied from 30 or 40cm. The designed 24cm long tube which has three added upward orifices with two types of diameters (1.0, 2.0 cm) could be connected to the inflow orifice of the siphon pipe to compare the desilting effect with the original arrangement in the above flow conditions.

The experimental results revealed that the effect of desilting was promoted by the connection of the designed tube to the siphon system. Besides, the efficiency of desilting was affected by the sizes of discharge orifices on the designed tube in different inflow conditions. In the constant head inflow condition, the arrangement of the connected 2cm discharge orifice tube performed better results due to the larger amount of outflow induced by the larger orifice. On the contrary, the arrangement of the connected 1cm discharge orifice tube had better desilting effect in falling head inflow condition induced by the longer time of disturbance between flow and sediment in smaller discharge. The results indicate that the capability and efficiency of sediment removal in the siphon system might be promoted by connecting an extended drainage tube with an appropriate size of upward discharge orifices.

How to cite: Lai, T.-Y., Hsu, Y.-C., Wang, J.-S., Su, Y.-W., Fu, G.-L., and Hung, C.-Y.: Experimental Study on the Efficiency of a Hydrosuction System for Desilting Sediment from a Farm Pond, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-1148, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1148, 2022.

Have you ever applied the Schmidt hammer method and wondered what the R‑value represents? What SI unit it would have and which material properties it actually assesses? The Schmidt rebound hammer is a device initially intended to test the curing state and strength of concrete. Since then, the concept has been transferred to determine the strength, weathering, and sometime even surface exposure age of rocks in geomorphology. The advantage of the Schmidt hammer that it is non-destructive, easy to handle, light, and readily applicable in the field. However, the method is only based on correlation, without physical explanation of the measured value being provided, and using a seemingly arbitrary resolution of the scale without reference. Here we present our approach to put the Schmidt hammer and especially the physics behind the R‑value on solid ground. Using a dataset of material properties and R‑Values, we find that the Schmidt hammer best represents the elasticity of the material. The elasticity and, along with it, the elastic modulus, can be independently and complementarily assessed with other geophysical methods. Both metrics are known to vary with i) moisture level, ii) stress state, and iii) temperature. Consequently, we conducted controlled experiments to constrain the influence of these conditions on R‑values. A major disadvantage of the Schmidt hammer, the resolution of the scale, remains and needs further calibration.

How to cite: Huxol, B., Pruß, G., Voigtländer, A., Dietze, M., and Turowski, J. M.: Making the Schmidt Hammer Great Again!, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-1841, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1841, 2022.

The level and type of saturation of the petroleum reservoirs is an essential parameter in reserve estimation because it determines the effective volume of the hydrocarbon that is being stored. At the same time, rock wettability influences the displacement of oil by water from oil-producing reservoirs, especially during water-flooding processes. Low-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometry evaluates the pore size distribution and has proved a powerful tool in determining the type of saturation and assessing the solid-fluid affinity (Katika et al., 2017).

However, assessing the pore-fluid distribution of rocks with complex mineral composition at laboratory conditions, such as chalk and argillaceous sandstones, that are commonly found in the North Sea oil reservoirs, often requires further investigation. NMR data are combined with a visual inspection or with traditional techniques, such as MICP, to evaluate the microtexture of rocks (Katika et al., 2018, Faÿ-Gomord et al., 2016). Considering that laboratory low-field NMR can be used as a guide to interpreting logging data, improving the evaluation of lab measurements has a profound influence on the field.

Deep Learning (DL), as an artificial intelligence technique utilizing neural networks, has the potential to transform low-field NMR into a more efficient and powerful tool in reservoir characterization.

The various peaks in NMR T₂ relaxation spectra differ in rocks with multiple types and levels of saturation, rock-fluid affinity, or pore size distribution. In the present study, we aim to improve the interpretation of the T₂ spectra and automate peak picking. Using laboratory data for reservoir rocks from the literature (Katika et al., 2017), a Deep Neural Network (DNN) was trained to optimize the internal network parameters and successfully evaluate the type of peaks existing in T₂ spectra. The successful evaluation is confirmed with visual inspection and correlated with geophysical data derived from the same literature.

References

Katika, K., Saidian, M., Prasad, M. and Fabricius, I.L., 2017. Low-Field NMR Spectrometry of Chalk and Argillaceous Sandstones: Rock-Fluid Affinity Assessed from T1/T2 Ratio. Petrophysics-The SPWLA Journal of Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Description, 58(02), pp.126-140. SPWLA-2017-v58n2a4

Faÿ-Gomord, O., Soete, J., Katika, K., Galaup, S., Caline, B., Descamps, F., Lasseur, E., Fabricius, I.L., Saïag, J., Swennen, R. and Vandycke, S., 2016. New insight into the microtexture of chalks from NMR analysis. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 75, pp.252-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.04.019

Katika, K., Alam, M.M., Alexeev, A., Chakravarty, K.H., Fosbøl, P.L., Revil, A., Stenby, E., Xiarchos, I., Yousefi, A. and Fabricius, I.L., 2018. Elasticity and electrical resistivity of chalk and greensand during water flooding with selective ions. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 161, pp.204-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.11.045

How to cite: Katika, T. and Michalis, P.: Machine Learning for low-field NMR to improve pore fluid characterization, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2558, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2558, 2022.

High-resolution information on the processes and rates of soil erosion, transport, and deposition, offer important knowledge for soil erosion modelling, and the protection and sustainable management of soil. It helps improve the cross-scale understanding on aspects as aggregate breakdown, rill erosion, swelling and shrinking effects, and rill-network evolution. As a non-invasive, high-resolution, and cost as well as time-efficient method, Structure from Motion (SfM) presents a valuable tool to calculate soil loss, depict soil surface change detection, and offer high-resolution information on soil and soil erosion processes. Even though SfM shows in general higher erosion rates, due to the influence of non-erosive processes, the technique is altogether in good agreement with the sampling data at the outlet. We monitor soil erosion on multiple erosional plots and with spatial and temporal high-resolution photogrammetry to assess its feasibility over time.

For this purpose, we conduct 12 rainfall simulations on a three times one metre plot, on different sides, with different vegetation cover, tillage, and initial soil conditions. Seven to ten synchronized time-lapse cameras are set up around the plot, taking pictures every 10-60 seconds. The data thus obtained allow change detection assessment via digital elevation models of difference at least once per minute. The elevation change by SfM is validated via bulk density measurements, and sampling at the plot’s outlet assessing runoff, and sediment concentration at minute intervals. During an overflow experiment, we measure flow velocity via video using particle tracer and manually via colour tracer, gaining spatial and temporal distribution information on the flow velocity. Using low-cost sensors, we furthermore monitor the progress of the soil moisture and temperature during the whole rainfall simulation.

We present sampled and photogrammetric results based on a dozen rainfall simulations at the micro-scale with a very high temporal and spatial resolution. This gives an insight into spatial distribution and development of soil erosion processes on a sub-minute resolution. We compare these data to gain knowledge on the feasibility of temporal and spatial high-resolution SfM soil erosion assessment and their usability for the validation and calibration of process-based soil erosion models.

How to cite: Epple, L., Bienert, A., Grothum, O., and Eltner, A.: Soil erosion assessment via temporal and spatial high-resolution time-lapse Structure from Motion on rainfall simulation plots, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2582, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2582, 2022.

Aeolian megaripples are a landscape formation widespread on Earth and Mars that develop in sand surfaces with a bimodal grain size distribution of coarse and fine grains. Megaripples are relatively high with a greater wavelength compared with normal sand ripples. Previous works provided quantitative information on the morphological characteristics, development, flattening mechanisms, longevity, and transverse instability of megaripples. It has been hypothesized that the sorting process of the initial bimodal size distribution is a key factor in megaripple formation. In this study, we experimentally explored the impact of the grain size distribution on the crest characteristics under different wind velocities in a boundary-layer wind tunnel. The controlled experiments allowed measurements of sand fluxes, particle size distributions, and ripple morphology by a laser module. The results reveal links between the rate of growth of the incipient megaripples, ripple height, and the armoring layer thickness and composition to wind velocity. The ripples grow higher as the wind velocity increases, and the armoring layer is thicker up to a certain wind velocity when erosion of the crest starts. In addition, the correlation between the armoring layer's nonlinear thickening rate and the ripples growth rate seems to indicate a fundamental connection between ripples height and the formation of the armoring layer, which is crucial for megaripples formation.

How to cite: saban, L., Katra, I., and Yizhaq, H.: Impact of grain size distribution and wind velocity on the armoring layer of aeolian megaripples, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3891, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3891, 2022.

The Dynamic Image Analysis (DIA), standardised in ISO 13322-2:2006 and ISO 9276-6:2008 standards, introduces a simple and fast analysis of diverse particle shape and size parameters, compared to a manual method or static image analysis, respectively. While the DIA method is time conserving, as it is a quasi-3D method, it is susceptible to greater variations in results compared to a real-3D, time consuming static image analysis. A variation analysis of the DIA results as a function of the analysed particles’ shape was the focus of our study. The particle shape plays a role in various processes, including wearing off (mechanical abrasion) during sediment transport or due to in-situ abrasion of larger sediment particles in fluvial environments.

More than 40 particles were randomly selected for the DIA analysis. Analysed particles included quarried, angular rock particles and rounded fluvial sediment particles. The selected particles had a geometric mean diameter in the range between 15 mm and 70 mm (coarse gravel to cobble size). The mass of particles was between 10 and 400 g. All particles were divided into four shape groups (bladed, prolate, equant, and oblate) according to Zingg’s shape classification. Axes' lengths used for shape classification were manually measured using a caliper. All particles were also individually analysed in a dynamic image analyser (quasi-3D image analyser) Microtrac Camsizer XL, using the accompanying software, PartAn 3D. The software evaluates 33 size and shape parameters of analysed particles, including dimensional (e.g. length, width, thickness, surface area, etc.) and dimensionless (e.g. ellipticity, sphericity, convexity, etc.) parameters. Three DIA repetitions of each particle were applied to estimate the mean values and variation (coefficients of variation, CV) in its results.

Furthermore, the effect of particles’ size, mass, and Zingg’s shape on the variability of the DIA results was investigated. Particles’ size, as well as particles’ angularity, showed no obvious effect on the variation in the DIA results. Quarried, angular particles had CV of 3.54% on average for all parameter results, while rounded, fluvial particles had CV of 3.68% for all parameter results. On the other hand, Zingg’s shape class showed an effect on the variation of both, dimensional and dimensionless DIA resulting parameters. Bladed particles displayed the greatest variations of all the resulting parameter values, with an average CV of 6.85%, and the greatest scatter of parameters’ CVs. When analysing such particles, it would be beneficial to conduct more than three repetitions for more accurate results. Since the DIA analysis is a fast method, this is not a problem in order to get a robust estimation of coarse particle shape. Additionally, observing the parameters themselves, “concavity” and “angularity” had the highest CVs, namely 13.35% and 10.24%, as well as the greatest scatter of the CVs. Parameters “convexity”, “solidity”, and “sphericity” had the lowest CVs, namely 0.12%, 0.26%, and 0.96%, respectively, as well as the lowest scatter of the CVs.

How to cite: Kuzmanić, T. and Mikoš, M.: Effect of coarse gravel and cobble size particles’ shape on their dynamic image analysis results, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4865, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4865, 2022.

Good stability of soil aggregates is an essential characteristic that positively affects soil health, increases agronomic productivity, decreases susceptibility to soil erosion and can improve carbon sequestration. The most common laboratory procedure for determining soil aggregate stability is a water resistance index (WRI) which is based on a wet sieving method. Within this contribution we introduce a newly developed method which utilizes laser diffraction for estimating the water resistance index of soil aggregates (WRI_LD). Recently, this newly introduced method has been tested and compared with the Kemper & Rosenau equation. This new method was developed with an emphasis on comparability to the standard sieving procedure performed with the Eijkelkamp wet sieving apparatus. The water stability of the aggregates was tested across five different soil types (haplioc Luvisol, Chernozem, Regosol, Fluvisol, Cambisol). The pH of each sample was measured and according to this value, either hexametaphosphate or sodium hydroxide was used to disrupt the stable aggregates along with ultrasound. The resulting WRI_LD is determined based on a fraction of undisturbed aggregates recorded for each fictitious sieve size. Initial results show promising agreement between the standard sieving and laser diffractometer methods. The advantage of the latter is a much faster processing time of a large number of samples and their replicates. This new method has a lower variability of results. However, further measurements are needed to validate the method.

This study has been supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Technical University in Prague, grant No. SGS20/156/OHK1/3T/11 and EC H2020 Project 101000224 (TuDi).

How to cite: Kubát, J.-F., Vrána, M., Zumr, D., and Kavka, P.: Testing of soil aggregate stability by means of laser diffractometer Mastersizer 3000, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4928, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4928, 2022.

Rainfall simulators (RS) are commonly used tools for soil erosion research under natural conditions. This research was focused on the plot scale effect in the formation of surface runoff and soil loss. Two surface conditions were tested - grass and bare soil. All experiments were performed in field conditions on undisturbed soil samples located on the experimental site Řisuty, where CTU has been performing experiments with rainfall simulators for many years. Three experiments were performed to investigate the formation of surface runoff depending on area size, surface type and precipitation intensity. These experiments were performed on a surface with grass cover and also on a plot of ​​cultivated bare soil. For the bare soil experiment, the area was prepared just prior to the experiment itself. The grass plots were left to develop naturally for 2 years after sowing. A large rainfall simulator with a maximal experimental area of 16 m² (8 m length 2 m wide) was used for this experiment. Four plots with lengths of 1, 2, 4 and 8 m (with widths of 1 m) were placed under the RS. Soil moisture sensors were placed on the plot at various depths to monitor the evolution of soil moisture over time. For the plot with the grass cover, a rainfall with variable intensity over 75 minutes was used (rainfall intensities 40, 60, 90 mm/h). Two follow-up experiments were conducted on the plot with bare soil. Rainfall intensities were a constant 60 mm/h for 30 minutes after surface runoff starts. The second experiment started 15 minutes after the conclusion of the first one. This same methodology has been used in other, past, experiments with RS so our results are directly comparable to those previously conducted experiments. All results were recalculated to 1m² and 1 minute intervals for comparison in addition to the cumulative values for each experiment.

Results from the plots with grassland showed significant differences between plots of different lengths. Experimental plots with bare soil provided higher variability in results on the plots in their natural moisture (dry condition), than those of the fully saturated samples. Results showed that the length of the plot is more important for soil loss than for surface runoff processes. The heterogeneity of the infiltration soil properties would play significant role on the experiment results.

This study has been supported by Grant Agency of the Czech Technical University in Prague, grant No. SGS20/156/OHK1/3T/11 and the Project QK1910029.

How to cite: Neumann, M., Kavka, P., Kubínová, R., Tejkl, A., Vrána, M., Kubát, J.-F., and Laburda, T.: Rainfall Simulators – how plot scale affects results, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4947, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4947, 2022.

There is a knowledge gap concerning the identification and quantification of transported soil particles in subsurface flows. If these soil particles reach relevant amounts, protective measures against soil erosion applied on the surface may be partially ineffective, and the soil may degrade further and unnoticed. In consequence, there is a need to develop a method to determine this subsurface particle transport in situ. A laboratory flume experiment was developed to examine the processes of fine soil material transport as well as the development of sediment traps for in situ measurements. Since, steep-slope vineyard soils are especially prone to subsurface flows they were subject of first investigations: The shallow steep-slope vineyard soils of the Mosel wine region are mainly developed from Devonian argillaceous schists and Pleistocene terrace sediments. Among the main physical characteristics are a very high rock fragment content and a loose surface layer over a strongly compacted layer caused by the combined action of tillage and weathering. This structure is presumably prone to subsurface flows within the upper horizon, especially in periods of very high soil moisture. The results of this laboratory experiment clearly confirm the presence of subsurface particle transport and the applicability of a sediment trap prototype consisting of a relatively simple and low-cost drain structure. 

How to cite: Kögler, L., Iserloh, T., Helmer, A., Ruby, A., Marzen, M., Seeger, M., and Ries, J. B.: Experimental laboratory setup for identification and quantification of transported soil particles in subsurface flows, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-5032, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-5032, 2022.

The levels of monitoring quality and quantity for environmental factors present continuous challenges for engineers, scientists, and related decision-making bodies. This is particularly highlighted in complex ecosystems such as coastal areas and estuaries with the pronounced intersection of numerous natural gradients. On the other hand, constant technological advances of different measurement equipment, including the remotely operated vehicles and their modular design, are introducing vast opportunities for gathering various data. Furthermore, readily available open-source solutions for hardware and software domains present additional potential in developing the framework for multipurpose monitoring. We are developing a multimodal approach to monitoring coastal zones, particularly in estuarine waters, which comprises using commercially available measurement equipment (multisensory probes) and, more importantly, building task-oriented drifters with relevant sensors. Furthermore, we are implementing the usage of remotely operated vehicles, both areal and underwater, which present a suite of measurement devices for data amplification (metadata), collection, and verification, especially when coupled with satellite data. Moreover, the use of drones has additional value in reducing the disturbance of natural conditions and improving the safety of researchers. So far, the monitored data include conductivity, temperature, pressure, wave heights, water velocity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll, colored dissolved organic matter, turbidity, hyperspectral properties, and further research including thermal camera and LIDAR technology. Different measurement approaches also contain several issues such as temporal and spatial scale comparability and interoperability, while drone use implicates some concerns about privacy, noise, and the general social attitude. These issues are currently being investigated, generating some challenges for future progress. Through current multiple research projects, we are testing the presented multimodal approach on the case study of the river Jadro estuary near the city of Split (Croatia), aiming to develop a field laboratory with the potential to be replicated in any similar hydrological monitoring.

How to cite: Galešić Divić, M., Divić, V., Kvesić, M., Kišević, M., and Andričević, R.: Development of a multimodal approach to monitoring of coastal waters, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6569, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6569, 2022.

Rainfall simulators are devices commonly used to study soil erosion in field and laboratory conditions. There is still an effort to develop equipment that will: not require a large number of workers, be easy to manipulate, have simple control systems, and automatically record data and parameters.

This paper shows a new variable rainfall simulator with many possibilities, it consists of four independent sections that can be joined into larger simulator. Each section can simulate rain on a 2x4m area. The rain is generated by swinging and pulse mechanisms. Soil sensors and rain gauges are integrated into the control unit.

The whole device is placed on a trailer that is moveable by car. On the trailer, there is also a 1m³ water reservoir, control unit based on WAGO control unit with electric switchboard, water pump, hydraulic system and valves. The device could be controlled by any laptop or smartphone with a wifi connection.

Each section (4 total) consists of a boom with 3 nozzles connected to a stepper motor for swinging. Each nozzle has a valve to interrupt the water supply to the nozzle. These sections can be connected linearly to increase the length of the rainfall area (to maximum 16 meters), or they can be used parallelly, thereby performing multiple replications at one time on multiple areas side by side. All these sections are computer-controlled and are independent of each other. Each section contains sensors for measuring soil moisture and tipping bucket rain gauges for continuous monitoring of actual soil properties and control of the rainfall. Remote control also allows for variable rainfall scenarios. The device allows the use of both pulsed and swinging rainfall formation or their combination and thus a large variability in the choice of nozzles according to the purpose of the experiment. Water is pumped by the gas water pump throughout the redistributions and pressure reducing valve, which can manage the required stable pressure. It also contains a datalogger so all measurements and parameters are collected in one device.

This study has been supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Technical University in Prague, grant No. SGS20/156/OHK1/3T/11 and the Project QK1910029.

How to cite: Kavka, P., Neumann, M., Laburda, T., Devátý, J., and Dostal, T.: New opportunity of RS - variable rainfall simulator for plots variable plots area, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6585, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6585, 2022.

Precise prediction of travel distance of debris flow is required to design countermeasure strategy against natural disaster. A lot of numerical simulation tools have been developed using a selected shear stress which has been modeled to express the characteristics of debris flow and a modeled entrainment ratio. However, the calculation results for past events often show underestimated travel distance. One of the possible causes of the fact may be that the effect of grain size distribution on the entrainment ratio. This is because most models have been modeled assuming debris flow is constituted by a single size particle. An entrainment ratio model involving the effect of particle size distribution may improve the calculation reproductivity. From an engineering point of view, it is desirable that the effect can be taken into account as simply as possible. In this study, we conducted an experiment to know the extent to which the entrainment ratio is affected by the grain size distribution. The experiments were undertaken in a rectangular flume the channel slope of which can be adjusted at two points in longitudinal direction. Two-size mixtures of spherical glass beads or gravels were set as debris flow material. For each mixture, travel distance of debris flow and fractions of each size of debris flow material deposited near the channel slope change point were measured using high-speed camera.

How to cite: Izumiyama, H., Yamakoshi, T., Takahashi, Y., Nishiguchi, Y., and Okuyama, R.: An experimental study on effects of grain size distribution on debris flow deposition characteristics, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6627, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6627, 2022.

After pyroclastic materials are deposited in a watershed following a volcanic eruption, the risk of debris flow initiation may increase during subsequent rainfall events. Clarifying the rainfall-runoff process on tephra-covered slopes is essential to understand the mechanism of debris flow initiation after an eruption. Because the quality and quantity of pyroclastic materials vary from volcano to volcano, and from eruption to eruption of the same volcano, each rainfall-runoff process is expected to differ accordingly. Laboratory rainfall simulation is useful to highlight parameters (rainfall and sample conditions) that may affect the surface runoff process on slopes during and after a volcanic eruption. In this study, a laboratory experiment was conducted using a calibrated rainfall simulator to investigate how the occurrence of surface runoff during the first rainfall after an eruption depends on the fine particle content. Pyroclastic material was volcanic ash collected on Mount Sakurajima, Japan and the fine particle content F_c was adjusted using artificial silt: Sample A (F_c = 20%, control) and Sample B (F_c = 30%, adjusted). The experimental plots (1723.4 cm² of the projection area) were prepared by filling each sample with a 5 cm thickness at a constant pressure on highly permeable silica sand, and placed at an inclination of 10°. The initial moisture condition of both samples was assumed to be dry (≈ 5% of water content ratio). The rainfall simulation was performed for 3 hours on each sample at an intensity of 30 mm h^-1. Runoff water including sediment from the experimental plot during the simulation was captured at the lower end of the plot and the weight was recorded. Two soil moisture sensors were buried 2.5 cm below the surface of each sample to measure the change in volumetric water content (VWC) over time. Runoff water including sediment occurred and increased with time on Sample B though hardly occurred on Sample A. In both samples, the VWC increased with time and eventually approached a constant value. However, the maximum value of the VWC, and the time to reach the maximum value, were different; lower and slower in Sample B. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of Sample B was one order of magnitude lower than that of Sample A. These comparative results suggested that surface runoff may be greater during the first rainfall after an eruption because the infiltration is lower when the fine particle content, that is particle size distribution, in pyroclastic materials is high.

How to cite: Hiraoka, M., Imamori, N., Shimizu, T., and Ishida, K.: Laboratory rainfall simulation for surface runoff generation on tephra-covered slopes with different fine particle content, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6737, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6737, 2022.

Riverbank and floodplain vegetation substantially affects the fluvial processes and play a key role in river hydraulics and river management. Presence of vegetation influences the water levels, flow velocity profiles and resistance to flow. Therefore, better understanding of behavior of flow over vegetation is required in design of vegetative channels, construction of stage-discharge curves, determining horizontal flow structure around hydraulic structures, and to develop numerical models. A detailed review of flow resistance due to rigid and flexible vegetation has been done under both emergent and submerged conditions. Based on the flow conditions and vegetation features, the investigators made a transition between rigid, flexible, emergent, and submerged vegetation. The variation of the flow field in the vegetative open channel follows a two-layer approach, it is almost constant inside the vegetation layer and logarithmic one above the vegetation layer. Firstly, several theoretical approaches for determining the resistance due to rigid vegetation in emergent and submerged condition are discussed. For simplicity many investigators have considered a rigid cylinder without side branches and foliage, the vegetation having constant height, stem diameter, and uniform flow condition was considered as rigid. The resistance due to vegetation also depends on the uniform and staggered pattern arrangements, the latter has more impact on flow in comparison to the former. The analysis for flexible vegetation is complex due to the complex nature of vegetation, and it is difficult to take the heterogenous nature of field vegetation into the account. The resistance due to flexible vegetation is a function of the height of vegetation, vegetation density, foliage, plant form alignment of vegetation, submergence ratio, and type of vegetation. The flexible vegetation also assumes different configurations depending on the hydrodynamics of flow and bending stiffness. Furthermore, more recent approaches for describing the resistance due to flexible vegetation are presented.

Keywords: Rigid vegetation, Flexible vegetation, Resistance to flow, Rivers, Floodplains, Flow field

How to cite: Rathod, L. V., Timbadiya, P. V., and Barman, B.: Flow Resistance Due to Rigid and Flexible Vegetation: A Review, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6912, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6912, 2022.

Meandering rivers are one of the most complex earth-surface systems and have a significant impact on riverine ecosystem mechanics. Because of the fascinating intricacy of meander morphodynamics, scholars from various disciplines, from fluid mechanics, fluvial hydraulics, and geomorphology, have been fascinated by meandering rivers. In spite of many years of research still, many processes regarding meandering rivers are not answered. Recent decades of research are reviewed herein in this paper. Scholars and experts have studied about flow features and processes such as a distorted profile of longitudinal velocity, secondary flow, inner and outer banks flow separation, etc., and sedimentological processes such as point bars, bend scour, lateral bed slope, etc. Many of them studied time-mean flow, Reynolds stresses, turbulence intensities (TI), turbulent kinetic energy, quadrant analysis, and turbulence scales, etc. under the effect of meandering bends. Many laboratory experiments are carried out to understand the individual processes under different conditions. Due to the rapid enhancement of soft computational techniques, these experimental data sets can be validated. Some future recommendations are also suggested in the field, laboratory, and numerical modelling.

Keywords: Meandering rivers, secondary flow, Reynolds stresses, turbulent kinetic energy, turbulence scales

How to cite: Gurugubelli, Y., Timbadiya, P. V., and Barman, B.: Review on Morphology and Turbulence Characteristics in Meandering Rivers, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7001, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7001, 2022.

Water erosion is the physical wearing of the earth’s surface. Erosion removes surface soil material (topsoil), reduces levels of soil organic matter, and contributes to the breakdown of soil structure.

The large amount of time required for manual identification of the rills is an obstacle in effective erosion research. Nevertheless, a significant number of rills have already been manually marked for various studies. It is therefore possible to use these already obtained data to train an algorithm, which will then automatically identify the grooves. The experiment is carried out using a rain simulator. The first part of the precipitation lasts 30 minutes, followed by a 15-minute break and another 30-minute precipitation. Photos for SfM method of creation detailed DMT are taken in three states a) before the simulation, b) between the simulations and c) after the experiment. On the finished DMT rills are manually digitalized in ArcGIS Pro, and their cover polygons are thus created.

Nhu et al. 2020 in his work dealt with the evaluation of the capabilities of the Keras deep learning model and their optimization algorithms. Keras is a deep learning API written in Python, running on top of the machine learning platform TensorFlow.

The image is converted to a matrix using the Raster to Array tool. The corresponding square is selected from each band and a mosaic is then created from these squares. The length of the square edge is chosen. The resulting mosaic consists of individual squares of the image spectrum bands placed side by side to form a rectangular image.

The Kaggle Cat Dog model was used as the basis for creating the model. This is a model designed to sort color images into two groups. This model was modified by inserting mosaics into the model instead of images. The training dataset is loaded into the model and divided into calibration and validation parts for the purpose of model calibration. This distribution was chosen to be 20%. The image size was specified as 100x200 pixels, with pixel of size 0,1 cm.

The individual mosaics not used for model training are then classified by this trained model. Loading mosaics for classification is controlled by a CSV file, which contains the name of the mosaic, the position of the mosaic in the image and whether it is intended for training or not. The probability value with which the mosaic is classified as erosive or not is then added to this CSV file. Training mosaics are omitted and assigned a no_data value.

The CSV file of the classified image is loaded back into the GIS environment using a Python script. The script loads the CSV file and creates an according classified raster.

The research is funded by the Technological Agency of the Czech Republic (research project SS01020366) and an internal student CTU grant (SGS20/156/OHK1/3T/11).

How to cite: Tejkl, A. and Kavka, P.: Identification of erosion rills via machine learning, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7850, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7850, 2022.

Soil erosion has environmental and socioeconomic significances. Most of the loess soils throughout the world are subjected to increased land uses such, which increased soil destruction and dust emission to the atmosphere. There is a distinguish interest in applications for dust control and soil stabilization. This study examines empirically the use of a metakaolin-based geopolymer for dust control and soil stabilization in a semi-arid loess soil that is subjected to land uses and erosional processes. The application of the geopolymer for dust control in comparison with common products (brine, bitumen, PVA) resulted with no soil erosion and dust emission by wind tunnel simulations. As a soil stabilizer, the geopolymer tested in this study provides remarkably good results in the tensile test. The most successful composition of the geopolymer, which is activation solution of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) together with an addition of 30% metakaolin, obtained soil strength of 23900N after 28 days. The attempt to replace NaOH with lime (CaO) in the activation solution was far inferior to the original composition.

How to cite: Katra, I.: A clay-based geopolymer in loess stabilization to water and wind soil erosion, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8329, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8329, 2022.

The Souss-Massa basin features unique and centuries old human–environment interactions in a vulnerable arid ecosystem. A high pressure caused by intense agriculture combined with increasing water scarcity causes degradation of soils and vegetation cover. The test sites are located on alluvial fans from the flanking High Atlas Mountains in the north and the northern talus of the Anti Atlas in the south. Wind-tunnel tests were applied to investigate susceptibility to wind erosion from sparse argan forest, badland and wadi surfaces. The results show diverse potential for emission of coarser and finer mineral dust with highest values found on freshly tilled surfaces in the extensively managed argan forest and sandy wadi surfaces. For one tested wadi section, very erodible areas were found in close vicinity to areas with much lower sediment yield. The wind-erosion dynamics are thus closely related to fluvial processes previously influencing surface characteristics as well as previous sorting processes by wind impact. The strongly crusted surfaces attributed to badland environments are least susceptible to wind erosion, with the exception of higher emissions measured on the wadi rim.

The data give insight into possible wind-erosion patterns under non-extreme wind regime and are a valuable basis for investigation of interactions between fluvial and aeolian processes in wadi structures.

How to cite: Marzen, M., Kirchhoff, M., Marzolff, I., Aït Hssaine, A., and Ries, J. B.: Experimental wind erosion study in argan woodlands, badlands and wadis in the Souss-Massa Basin, Morocco, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-9688, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-9688, 2022.

The phenomenon of multiphase splash can be a mechanism for transporting various types of pollution (e.g. petroleum substances), which makes it especially interesting in the context of environmental protection.

In this paper, the water splash phenomenon caused by the impact of a petrol drop on the water surface was simulated using the multiphaseInterFoam solver, i.e. a part of the OpenFOAM computational fluid dynamics software implementing the finite volume method (FVM) for space discretization. The simulations were experimentally validated based on splash images obtained with the use of a high-speed camera (2800 fps). Several variants of simulations with a varying drop size (in 0.10-mm steps) or drop velocity (in 0.025-m/s steps) were conducted.

Our experiments showed the importance of even a slight underestimation/overestimation of the properties of a falling drop on the simulation of the size and dynamics of splash in an immiscible liquid system. On the other hand, correct simulation made it possible to analyse aspects of the phenomenon that were difficult or even impossible to achieve experimentally due to the limitations of the image analysis method. This concerned the determination of the cavity width, the moment of cavity disappearance, the moment of jet formation (still below the water level), and the height of the jet. In addition, based on the validated simulation of splash in immiscible liquids, the scale of the spread of petroleum contamination as a result of the impact of a single droplet was determined.

The study was partly funded by the National Science Centre (Poland), based on decision no. 2017/26/D/ST10/01026.

How to cite: Sochan, A., Lamorski, K., and Bieganowski, A.: Effect of underestimation/overestimation of falling drop parameters on the result of splash simulation in an immiscible liquid system, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-12186, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12186, 2022.

Many classical models of landscape evolution in South Africa have previously relied on large-scale, predominantly qualitative, field observations. In recent decades, however, the development of the accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) has allowed for greater use of cosmogenic nuclide analyses in landscape evolution studies to quantify rates of denudation and establish timescales of landscape development. In South Africa, various field areas and isotopes have been studied to understand the development of the landscape on Quaternary and longer timescales. The aim of our study is to use a cosmogenic nuclide (¹⁰Be) to investigate the development of geographically separate parts of the South African landscape, and so contribute towards the growing database of landscape evolution rates across southern Africa. Samples of granitic bedrock have been collected along the Olifants River (local/original names: Lepelle, Obalule or iBhalule) in the Kruger National Park in the subtropical east and are being compared to samples of similar composition from the Orange River (local/original names: Gariep, Senqu,) near the Augrabies Falls National Park in the arid west. Both rivers have similar multi-channel morphologies (e.g. mixed bedrock-alluvial anabranching).  A comparison of erosion rates along these otherwise similar rivers at opposite sides of the country will enable an investigation of the effects of climatic differences on erosion rates. Results will allow us to test previous, largely qualitative hypotheses of landscape evolution using state-of-the-art cosmogenic nuclide data analysed at the African continent’s only AMS facility.

How to cite: Khosa, R., Tooth, S., Mbele, V., and Pickering, R.: A Tale of Two Rivers: Comparing erosion rates from two sides of the South African landscape, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-312, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-312, 2022.

The eastern Mediterranean region is located at divergent climatic zones and contrasting precipitation regimes of the humid Mediterranean climate and hyper-arid Saharo-Arabian desert belt. Important sedimentary archives from lakes allow past hydroclimatic variability to be reconstructed using multiple proxies. This can provide useful insight into potential future water budget scenarios. However, problems associated with chronological uncertainty can prevent insight into regional climatic (a)synchronies. The use of isochronous chronological markers of tephra (volcanic ash) can be a powerful tool in correlating palaeoclimatic records, particularly over vast distances with the development of cryptotephra analyses (non-visible volcanic glass shards).

            The TephroMed project aims to precisely synchronise two key ICDP palaeoclimatic records from eastern Mediterranean through the use of tephrostratigraphic investigations: to the north, in the Anatolian region, Lake Van (PALEOVAN, Litt et al., 2014) and to the south, in the Levant, the Dead Sea (DSDDP, Stein et al., 2011). Both records have undergone lake level reconstructions, indicating contrasting past regional responses to large-scale climatic events (e.g. Finne et al., 2019; Neugebauer et al., 2015). Though both records are dated through absolute and relative methods (radiocarbon, U-Th, varve counting, wiggle-matching), inherited large chronological uncertainties do not allow detailed insight into the potential climatic time-transgressive nature between the two sites. Yet, both records have tephra deposits within their lacustrine sediments, highlighting the potential to facilitate the alignment of both records using tephra (Neugebauer et al., 2021).

Here, we present new major and minor element volcanic glass chemical data from several tephra layers from both Lake Van and the Dead Sea ICDP cores. New geochemical data from selected visible tephra layers in Lake Van are given. The cryptotephra results from the Dead Sea show particular significant findings with volcanic glass derived from potentially several volcanic regions within the Mediterranean (e.g. Anatolia, Italy). This new data can help to facilitate a chronological alignment between the Dead Sea, Lake Van and other important climatic archives in the Mediterranean. In addition, it highlights the importance of distal records in understanding past volcanic eruptions. As a result of these findings, we can now start to answer questions associated with regional expression of past climatic events and their temporal transgression.

References

Finné, M., Woodbridge, J., Labuhn, I., Roberts, C.N., 2019. Holocene hydro-climatic variability in the Mediterranean: A synthetic multi-proxy reconstruction. Holocene 29(5), 847–863

Litt, T., Anselmetti, F.S., 2014. Lake Van deep drilling project PALEOVAN. Quat. Sci. Rev. 104, 1-7.

Neugebauer, I., Brauer, A., Schwab, M.J., Dulski, P., Frank, U., Hadzhiivanova, E., Kitagawa, H., Litt, T., Schiebel, V., Taha, N., Waldmann, N.D., DSDDP Scientific Party, 2015. Evidences for centennial dry periods at ~3300 and ~2800 cal. yr BP from micro-facies analyses of the Dead Sea sediments. Holocene 25, 1358-1371.

Neugebauer, I., Müller, D., Schwab, M.J., Blockley, S., Lane, C.S., Wulf, S., Appelt, O., Brauer, A., 2021. Cryptotephras in the Lateglacial ICDP Dead Sea sediment record and their implications for chronology. Boreas 50 (3), 844-861.

Stein, M., Ben-Avraham, Z., Goldstein, S.L., 2011. Dead Sea deep cores: A window into past climate and seismicity. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 92, 453-454

How to cite: Kearney, R., Schwab, M. J., Neugebauer, I., Pickarski, N., and Brauer, A.: The TephroMed project: Precise synchronising of two key palaeoclimatic ICDP records of the eastern Mediterranean using tephra, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-468, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-468, 2022.

Carbonate based archives, such as speleothems and cold-water corals, yield valuable information on past states of the climate system. The key chronometer to access the deposition times of these archives is ²³⁰Th/U dating, typically measured using multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers (MC-ICP-MS). Here, we present our Python-based data treatment, correction and age calculation algorithm equipped with a graphical user interface (GUI) which ensures reproducibility and allows for customized calculation constants. We outline the relevance of proper data outlier treatment and review hardware settings such as fade-out times of Faraday cups (FC).  Furthermore, we systematically analyse the effect of variation in different MC-ICP-MS raw data corrections as tailing and process blank on the accuracy of the atomic ratios ²³⁰Th/²³⁸U and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U and the ages. To do so, three speleothem samples of different isotopic concentrations and ages were employed. We find that already a variation in tailing of 10 % causes a deviation on the permille level from the actual age for older samples (~150 ka), whilst younger samples are hardly affected. Process blank (instrumental background) measurements in turn affect the youngest samples strongest, as we found that an unnoticed increase of 50 % of the process blank results in a deviation on the percent level for the youngest sample (few hundred years). On contrary, hydride correction is minor for all samples, thus all time scales. In conclusion, the methods presented here permit routine precision levels of isotope analysis in the order of 5 ε units (1 ε-unit = 10^-4).

How to cite: Kerber, I. K., Kontor, F., Eichstädter, R., Schröder-Ritzrau, A., Warken, S., and Frank, N.: Data treatment and systematic analysis of MC-ICP-MS 230Th/238U-dating of secondary carbonates, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4751, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4751, 2022.

We investigated sediments from three different depositional environments along the northern Argentine continental margin to assess the main processes controlling sediment deposition since the last glacial period. Further, we evaluated how different depositional conditions affect (bio)geochemical processes within sediments. Sediment cores were collected during expedition SO260 in 2018[1]. Two sites are located at ~1100 m water depth north and south of the Mar del Plata Canyon (N- and S-Middle Slope Site). Another site is situated at the lower continental slope at 3600 m water depth (Lower Slope Site). Reliable age constraints of sediments deposited during the last glaciation at the Argentine margin are difficult to obtain due limited amounts of carbonate. We overcame this issue by combining radio-isotope analyses (¹⁴C,²³⁰Th_ex) with sedimentological, geochemical and magnetic data demonstrating that all sites experienced distinct changes over time.

Both, N- and S-Middle Slope Sites, record at least the last 30 ka. The S-Middle Slope Site is dominated by continuously organic carbon-starved and winnowed sandy deposits, which according to geochemical and magnetic data leads to insignificant sulfate reduction and sulfidation of iron (oxyhydr)oxides. Glacial sedimentation rates at the Middle Slope increase northwards suggesting a decrease in bottom-current strength. The N-Middle Slope Site records a transition from the last glacial period, dominated by organic carbon-starved sands, to the early deglacial period when mainly silty and organic carbon-rich sediments were deposited between 14-15 ka BP. Concurrently, glacial sedimentation rates of ~50 cm/ka significantly increased to 120 cm/ka. We propose that this high sedimentation rate relates to lateral sediment re-deposition by current-driven focusing as response to sea level rise. Towards the Holocene, sedimentation rates strongly decreased to 8 cm/ka. We propose that the distinct decrease in sedimentation rates and change in organic carbon contents observed at the N-Middle Slope Site caused the nonsteady-state pore-water conditions and deep sulfate-methane-transition (SMT) at 750 cm core depth. The Lower Slope Site records the last 19 ka. Continuously high terrigenous sediment input (~100 cm/ka) prevailed during the Deglacial, while sedimentation rates distinctly decreased to ~13 cm/ka in the Holocene. Here, pore-water data suggest current steady-state conditions with a pronounced SMT at 510 cm core depth. Our study confirms previous geochemical-modelling studies at the lower slope, which implied that the observed SMT fixation for ~9 ka at specific depth relates to a strong decrease in sedimentation rates at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition[2].

During the Holocene, total organic and inorganic carbon contents, inorganic carbon mass accumulation rates and XRF Si/Al ratios (preserved diatom flux) increase at our sites. We relate this to increased primary production in surface waters and less terrigenous input along the continental margin. Our multidisciplinary approach presents improved age constraints at the northern Argentine Margin and demonstrates that lateral/vertical sediment transport and deposition was strongly linked to Glacial/Interglacial variations in bottom currents, seafloor morphology, sea level and sediment supply. The dynamic depositional histories at the three sites still exert a significant control on modern sedimentary (bio)geochemical processes.

[1]Kasten et al. (2019).Cruise No. SO260. Sonne-Berichte.

[2]Riedinger et al. (2005).Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 69.

How to cite: Melcher, A., Miramontes, E., Geibert, W., Henkel, S., Wilckens, H., Pape, T., Köster, M., Volz, J., Frederichs, T., Bozzano, G., Chiessi, C., Chidolue, N. C., Ngui, O. S., Schwenk, T., and Kasten, S.: Strong changes in depositional conditions during the Late Glacial and the Holocene along the northern Argentina Continental Margin: a multiproxy approach., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8328, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8328, 2022.

Refined dating techniques and high-precision radiocarbon dating have enabled more accurate age controls for paleoenvironmental reconstruction of lake systems. However, low bioproductivity and the influence of old carbon have a profound impact on radiocarbon dating series of non-varved sediment records from Arctic lakes. Geochronological tools such as software systems for age-depth modeling provide sophisticated justifications for age-depth relationships. But because there are many different tools available with varying underlying mathematical methods and models, the model output can show diverging results, e.g., for problematic sediment cores with scatter age dating points. A detailed comparison of the results of individual modeling system is therefore often tedious and potentially error-prone. Due to time constraints and a lack of alternative options, users typically only select and apply one modeling system to provide a geochronological timeframe for paleoenvironmental interpretation. Therefore, we introduce our “Linked age and depth modeling” (LANDO) approach that links five modeling systems (Bacon, Bchron, clam, hamstr, Undatable) in a single multi-language Jupyter Notebook. LANDO reduces the effort of using established modeling systems for both single and multiple dating series and makes the results directly comparable. In addition, we introduce an ensemble age-depth model that uses the output from all models to create a data-driven, semi-informed age-depth relationship. In our talk we will highlight our adapted fuzzy change point method, in which we used independent proxy data to evaluate the performance of each modeling system in representing lithological changes. LANDO is already publicly available on GitHub: https://github.com/GPawi/LANDO.

How to cite: Pfalz, G., Diekmann, B., Freytag, J.-C., Syrykh, L., Subetto, D. A., and Biskaborn, B. K.: Using LANDO as a universal wrapper for applying multiple age-depth modeling systems for sediment records from Arctic lake systems, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8743, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8743, 2022.

Radiocarbon (¹⁴C) dating is the standard method for obtaining the age of marine sediments of Holocene and late Pleistocene age. For accurate calibrations, however, this tool relies on precise knowledge of the local radiocarbon reservoir age of the surface ocean, i.e. the regional difference (ΔR) from the average global marine calibration dataset. This parameter has become impossible to measure from modern material samples because of ¹⁴C contamination from extensive testing of thermo-nuclear bombs in the second half of the twentieth century. The local reservoir age can thus only be calculated from the radiocarbon age of samples collected before AD 1950 or from sediment records containing absolute age markers, derived from e.g. tephrochronology or paleomagnetism.

Knowledge of the marine reservoir age around Greenland is sparse and relies on work by a few studies, represented by measurements clustered in local patches. In this study we add new radiocarbon measurements on samples from historical mollusk collections from Arctic expeditions of the late 19^th and early 20^th Century. The 92 new samples are from central east Greenland and the entire western Greenland coast. Although the new data is mostly coastal, it includes a few deeper sites from the Labrador Sea and northeastern North Atlantic Ocean, where deep waters were found to be very young. Together with existing measurements, the new results are used to calculate average ΔR values for different regions around Greenland, all in relation to Marine20, the most recent radiocarbon calibration curve. Despite the significant addition of new measurements, very few data exist for southeastern Greenland, while no data at all is available for the Arctic Ocean coast in northern Greenland.

How to cite: Pearce, C., Özdemir, K. S., Forchhammer, R. C., Detlef, H., and Olsen, J.: The radiocarbon reservoir age of coastal Greenland waters, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8868, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8868, 2022.

On earth, Calcium-41 is produced as a cosmogenic isotope via neutron capture process, leaving a natural isotopic abundance of 10^-15 on earth surface. Calcium is also of vital importance for the metabolism of biological organisms. Consequently, analysis of the long lived radioactive isotope Calcium-41 is of great importance in geoscience, archeology and life sciences. The half-life of Calcium-41 is 1.03 x 10⁵ years. It is a good candidate in dating rock and bone samples ranging from 50,000 to 1,000,000 years old.

The available techniques for trace analysis of Calcium-41 include accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and resonance ionization mass spectroscopy (RIMS). The detection limit of RIMS is on the level of 10^-11 due to the interference of Potassium-41, which is difficult to remove from the sample. The analysis with high-energy AMS is more expensive than the table top apparatus, and it also faces similar problem as RIMS method.

We develop an atom trap trace analysis(ATTA) apparatus for Calcium-41 analysis to the sensitivity of 10^-16 abundance level by one day of single atom counting. ATTA uses laser tuned at the resonant wavelength for a specific element and isotope to slow down and capture single atom by fluorescence radiation. It has a very high selectivity of element and isotope, which is more advantageous than AMS and RIMS to avoid isobar interference. ATTA has been used in analysis of Krypton-81, Argon-39 dating of the hydrological samples. This work on high sensitivity Calcium-41 analysis is very promising in dating the geochemical sample to determine the exposure ages of rocks or in cosmochemistry for investigations on terrestrial ages.

How to cite: Xia, T., Xia, T.-Y., Sun, W.-W., Zhu, H.-M., Jiang, W., and Lu, Z.-T.: Analyzing Ca-41 sample at E-16 abundance level with cold atom trap techniques, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-9533, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-9533, 2022.

Coral microatolls allow for the reconstruction of relative sea level (RSL) and the inference of tectonic deformation along tropical coastlines over the Holocene. Microatolls track RSL with unparalleled vertical precision, and their annual banding allows us to count years precisely over an individual coral’s lifetime; however, RSL histories reconstructed from multiple corals depend on accurate and precise radiocarbon (¹⁴C) or uranium-thorium (²³⁰Th) ages.

We collected coral microatoll slabs from sites in Ilocos Region, northwestern Luzon, Philippines, and dated them with ¹⁴C and ²³⁰Th techniques. Notably, initial RSL reconstructions for some sites disagreed markedly depending on the dating technique used. Attempts to replicate geochronologic analyses have shown that the coral skeletons are susceptible to diagenesis, complicating efforts to accurately determine coral ages.

We are developing a strategy to overcome this limitation. We extracted multiple samples from each microatoll slab for paired ¹⁴C and ²³⁰Th dating. The number of annual bands separating any dated sample was used to further constrain the age of the coral; by subtracting the number of years from each dated sample, samples taken from different parts of the slab can produce independent estimates of the outermost preserved band. After excluding anomalously young replicate ¹⁴C ages and samples flagged as partly calcified by x-ray diffraction, we find that ²³⁰Th ages from a single coral disagree at 4σ in 4 of 8 cases, whereas calibrated ¹⁴C dates overlap at 2σ in 8 of 9 cases for an arbitrary radiocarbon marine reservoir correction, ∆R = 0 yr.

Using OxCal and the Marine20 calibration curve, we apply Bayesian statistics to combine ¹⁴C and ²³⁰Th ages, to estimate ∆R, and to determine the coral ages using the best available data. We further analyze the ∆R value for each coral, and account for overdispersion and underdispersion, whilst generating a ∆R value per site, and an overall ∆R value (inclusive of all sites). We find no statistically significant difference in ∆R for each site, and we calculate an overall ∆R of -155 ± 117 yr for sites in Ilocos Region since the mid-Holocene, though century-scale variability in ∆R may occur.

Additionally, to improve the reliability of our dates, our final dating strategy in OxCal is to apply the previously determined ∆R, to a code that places the corals in sequence (based on precise elevation measurements, morphological similarities, and coral die-down events), along with the ¹⁴C dates that are dated to the outermost preserved band.

How to cite: Mitchell, A., Lim, J., Gopal, A., Meltzner, A., Chan, A., Sarkawi, G., Li, X., Cantillep, A. M., Sarmiento, L. F., Komori, J., Yu, T.-L., Shen, C.-C., Gong, S.-Y., Weil-Accardo, J., Maxwell, K., Lin, K., Lu, Y., Wang, X., and Ramos, N.: Geochronologic methods for dating coral microatolls in the Philippines, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-11178, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11178, 2022.

Loess-paleosol sequences are among the most important and detailed terrestrial records of local climate and environmental changes during the Pleistocene. The Carpathian Basin can offer a unique opportunity to investigate temporal and spatial variations in dust accumulation, since 20-25% of its area is covered by loess and the thickness of these material is considerable (80-90 m at max).

High-resolution data are available for some loess sections (Jingbian, Sanbahuo, Toshan, Dunaszekcső) making it possible to develop reliable age-depth models and to calculate more precise mass accumulation rates (MARs), being among the most important input data of paleoclimate models. However, these measurements are mostly limited at around 50 k age, because they are based on radiocarbon or quartz luminescence ages.  In our project, the 20 m thick loess-paleosol profile at Süttő, in the northern part of the Carpathian Basin, was investigated first. More than 130 luminescence and some radiocarbon samples were collected during the sampling campaign during the winter of 2020-21. A systematic sampling for porosity/density measurement was also carried out parallel to luminescence sampling.

This profile was previously dated by Novothny et al. using multiple aliquot additive dose Infrared Stimulated Luminescence (IRSL), single aliquot regeneration IRSL with fading correction, and it resulted in the deposition period of the dust during MIS 6 - MIS 2. The luminescence ages in this study are calculated based on the Optically Stimulated Luminescence signal of quartz for the younger part of the sequence and using the post-Infrared IRSL signal of polymineral fine-grains for the older than ~50 ka part of the sequence. The samples were collected from every 20 cm, and every 10^th samples are considered as primary or benchmark samples and therefore complete luminescence tests, residual dose, a-value, and fading measurements are carried out on them. The secondary samples are only measured by shortened measurement routine to optimize the measurement strategy and save measurement time.

Age-depth modelling will be carried out using an R-package specially developed for the Bayesian and inverse modelling of luminescence ages. Based on the constructed age-depth models and the already available datasets MARs will be calculated for each MI stages.

Luminescence properties and variation of dose rate may also have a paleo-environmental relevance, e.g. the luminescence sensitivity of the quartz fraction can refer to the provenance of the dust. Dose rate measurements will be performed by two Canberra type gamma spectrometers equipped with a GX2018 extended range Ge detector and a MiDose alpha/beta counter, which also enables microdosimetric analyses and comparison between the different kinds of detectors.

The research was supported by the NKFIH project K 135509.

How to cite: Ágnes, N., György, S., Dávid, F., Gergely, S., Tamás, V., Diána, C., Tamás, B., Gergő, M., Gábor, Ú., and Erzsébet, H.: High resolution luminescence dating of the Süttő loess-paleosol sequence (MIS 6-2) to create an age depth model and calculate mass accumulation rates - as input data for paleoclimate models, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-11331, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11331, 2022.

Our ability to quantify past climate conditions is crucial for understanding and predicting future climate scenarios as well as landscape evolution. One of the most drastic climatic changes in Earth’s history was the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) where a significant area of the planet’s surface was covered in ice (Clark et al., 2009). However, most reconstructions of the Earth’s past climate rely on the use of climate proxies (e.g. Jones and Mann, 2004 for a review), which are particularly poorly preserved in terrestrial settings previously covered by ice- thus limiting the applicability of existing methods.

Here, we apply feldspar thermoluminescence (TL) surface paleothermometry (Biswas et al., 2018; 2020) to better constrain the temperature history of exposed bedrock surfaces since the Last Glacial Maximum to present day. The aim of this study is to contribute towards a more detailed understanding of glacial and interglacial temperature fluctuations across the Central and Western Alps. Feldspar TL paleothermometry is a recently developed technique that exploits the dependence of trapped charge on temperature (Biswas et al., 2018). The trapped charge is sourced from feldspar’s crystalline lattice. While a TL signal can be extracted between room temperature and 450°C, traps sensitive to typical surface temperature variations (e.g.10°C) are found between 200°C and 250°C (Biswas et al., 2020). As a result, five thermometers (200°C to 250°C in 10°C intervals) can be used together as a multi-thermometer, and subsequently combined with a Bayesian inversion approach to constrain thermal histories over the last50 kyr (Biswas et al., 2020).

The temperature histories of bedrock samples collected down two vertical transects adjacent to the Gorner (Switzerland) and the Mer de Glace (France) glaciers, which have been exposed progressively since the LGM, will be presented. Preliminary results suggest a temperature difference of ∼10 °C in both locations, which is promising and in agreement with past surface temperatures obtained from other studies.

References:

Biswas, R.H., Herman, F., King, G.E., Braun, J., 2018. Thermoluminescence of feldspar as a multi-thermochronometer to constrain the temporal variation of rock exhumation in the recent past. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 495, 56-68.

Biswas, R.H., Herman, F., King, G.E., Lehmann, B., Singhvi, A.K., 2020. Surface paleothermometry using low temperature thermoluminescence of feldspar. Climate of the Past, 16, 2075-2093.

Clark, P. U., Dyke, A. S., Shakun, J. D., Carlson, A. E., Clark, J., Wohlfarth, B., Mitrovica, J. X., Hostetler, S. W., and McCabe, A. M., 2009. The Last Glacial Maximum. Science, 325 (5941), 710-714.

Jones, P.D., Mann, M.E., 2004. Climate over past millennia. Reviews of Geophysics, 42, 2004.

How to cite: Elkadi, J., Biswas, R. H., Visnjevic, V., Magnin, F., Lehmann, B., King, G. E., and Herman, F.: Constraining Last Glacial Maximum bedrock surface temperatures in the Western Alps using thermoluminescence paleothermometry., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-11906, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11906, 2022.

Creating high resolution chronologies in sediment sequences is important for understanding past carbon-climate dynamics, including accurately dating the timing of climate events, and calculating carbon accumulation changes through time. Here we present >100 ¹⁴C dates from UNSWs high-throughput MICADAS (Turney et al. 2021) that help answer key questions about carbon-climate dynamics in the Southern Hemisphere. Peatlands from the southern mid-high latitudes have an important role in the global carbon budget but are underrepresented in global syntheses due to paucity of data. Developing accurate age-depth models from peat sequences is notoriously difficult. Outliers are common, with peat being susceptible to issues such as root penetration and in-wash of sediment. With careful consideration to site selection (Thomas et al. 2019) and material preparation (e.g. sieving out root and rootlet material), the age-depth models presented here demonstrate stratigraphic integrity with no evidence of significant outliers, providing robust and detailed chronologies to enable a range of scientific questions to be answered.

To better constrain the understanding of southern peatland dynamics, we collected and radiocarbon-dated 25 basal peats from across sub-Antarctic islands of the South Atlantic region, doubling the existing available data. We then collated basal peat radiocarbon ages from >35°S and analysed their temporal and spatial distribution. We find two distinct phases of peat formation, at ~16,000 cal years BP and ~13,000 cal years BP, independent of northern hemisphere peat growth. Well-constrained age models from these regions (including a 6 m peat sequence with 55 ¹⁴C dates) show changes in carbon accumulation rates that are consistent with these phases. Potential drivers of these phases include growth disruption via the Antarctic Cold Reversal, and the latitudinal movement of the southern hemisphere westerly winds, with implications for future carbon storage in these under-studied regions.

References

Thomas, Z.A., Turney, C.S.M., Hogg, A., Williams, A.N., Fogwill, C.J., 2019. Investigating Subantarctic 14 C Ages of Different Peat Components: Site and Sample Selection for Developing Robust Age Models in Dynamic Landscapes. Radiocarbon 61, 1–19. doi:10.1017/rdc.2019.54

Turney, C., Becerra-Valdivia, L., Sookdeo, A., Thomas, Z.A., Palmer, J., Haines, H.A., Cadd, H., Wacker, L., Baker, A., Anderson, M., Jacobsen, G., Meredith, K., Chinu, K., Bollhalder, S., Marjo, C., 2021. Radiocarbon protocols and first intercomparison results from the Chronos 14Carbon-Cycle Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. Radiocarbon 63(3), 1003–1023. doi:10.1017/RDC.2021.23

How to cite: Thomas, Z., Cadd, H., Turney, C., Haines, H., Marjo, C., Becerra Valdivia, L., Carter, S., and Brickle, P.: Phases of peatland carbon accumulation in the southern mid-latitudes, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-12232, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12232, 2022.

In the search for very old ice, finding the age of the ice is a key parameter necessary for its interpretation. Most ice core dating methods are based on chronological markers that require the ice to be in stratigraphic order. However, the oldest ice is likely to be found at the bottom of ice sheets, where the stratigraphy is disturbed, or in ablation areas, where the classical methods cannot be used. Absolute dating techniques have recently been developed to provide new constraints on the age of old ice. In particular, ⁸¹Kr measurements provide strong dating constraints for the old ice cores. Still, these measurements are limited in deep ice cores because of the large sample size required (5-6 kg). In addition to ⁸¹Kr dating, we discuss here the analytical performances of a new technique for ⁴⁰Ar dating, which allows us to provide a reliable age with 80g of ice rather than 800g, as previously published. Finally, we present two applications for the ⁸¹Kr and ⁴⁰Ar dating on the bottom of the TALDICE and Dome C ice cores.

How to cite: Landais, A., Orsi, A. O., Fourré, E. F., Jacob, R., Crotti, I., Ritterbusch, F., Lu, Z.-T., Yang, G.-M., and Jiang, W.: Absolute dating of deep ice cores with argon and krypton isotopes., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-13260, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-13260, 2022.

²³⁴U-²³⁸U is a powerful geochronometer that can provide absolute ages of secondary carbonates over a greater interval of time than the well-established ²³⁰Th-U. In this study, we apply ²³⁴U-²³⁸U dating techniques to subaqueous calcite deposits in Devils Hole cave, located in the Amargosa Desert (Nevada, USA). Subaqueous calcite deposits record paleo water table elevations within the cave. Previous work used ²³⁰Th-U dating techniques to reconstruct fluctuations in the local water table over the last 350,000 years (Wendt et al. 2018). We have extended the Devils Hole water table record up to and beyond the ²³⁰Th-U dating limit using both ²³⁰Th-U and ²³⁴U-²³⁸U dating techniques. Precise control (±60.5‰) of the initial ²³⁴U/²³⁸U ratio is possible due to its low variability and high correlation with δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O (Li et al., 2020). Resulting ²³⁴U-²³⁸U age uncertainties are on the order of ±16,000 years for 800,000-year old calcite. The new ²³⁴U-²³⁸U ages allow us to extend the Devils Hole water-table record across the full range of deposition. The resulting 800,000-year record reveals local water-table fluctuated on glacial-interglacial times scales, reaching maximum heights of 20m above modern-day levels. The observed orbital- to millennial-scale fluctuations are interpreted to be primarily driven by climate. Assessing the sensitivity of the Devils Hole water table to various climate modes is key to predicting future water availability in this water-stressed region.

Wendt, K. A., Dublyansky, Y. V., Moseley, G. E., Edwards, R. L., Cheng, H. & Spötl, C., 2018, Moisture availability in the southwest United States over the last three glacial-interglacial cycles Science Advances, 4, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau1375.

Li, X.; Wendt, K. A.; Dublyansky, Y.; Moseley, G. E.; Spötl, C. & Edwards, R. L., 2020 Novel method for determining ²³⁴U-²³⁸U ages of Devils Hole 2 cave calcite, Geochronology, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2020-26

How to cite: Steidle, S. D., Wendt, K., Edwards, R. L., Dublyansky, Y., and Spötl, C.: U-series dating of water-table fluctuations in Devils Hole cave (Nevada, USA) over the last 800,000 years, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-13299, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-13299, 2022.

Coastal flooding is driven by strong winds and low pressures in tropical and extratropical cyclones that generate a storm surge, and high tides. The combination of storm surge and the astronomical tide is defined as the storm tide. Currently over 600 million people live in coastal areas below 10 m elevation worldwide which is projected to increase to more than 1 billion people by 2050 under all Shared Economic Pathways. Towards the end of the 21^st century these growing coastal populations will be increasingly at risk of flooding due to SLR. To gain understanding into the threat imposed by coastal flooding and identify areas that are especially at risk, now and in the future, it is crucial to accurately model coastal inundation and assess the coastal flood hazard.

There are three main types of inundation models with complexity levels ranging from simple, to semi-advanced to advanced. Models capable of simulating inundation at the global scale follow a simple static approach. These models, often referred to as bathtub models, delineate the inundation zone by raising maximum water levels, that correspond to a return period, on a coastal DEM and select all areas that are below the specified water level height. The main limitations of this type of model is that they implicitly assume an infinite flood duration and do not capture relevant physical processes. Regional comparisons have shown that dynamic inundation models are much more accurate than static models in terms of flood extent and depth, and they can provide information on the flood duration.

In this study we develop a global dataset of storm tide hydrographs. These hydrographs represent the typical shape of an extreme sea level event at a certain location along the global coastline and can be used as boundary conditions for dynamic inundation models. This way we can move away from static to more advanced dynamic inundation models. To assess how different assumptions used for generating hydrographs influence the inundation extent and depth we perform a sensitivity analysis for several coastal regions.

How to cite: Dullaart, J., Muis, S., de Moel, H., Eilander, D., Ward, P., and Aerts, J.: Enabling dynamic modelling of global coastal flooding by defining storm tide hydrographs, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-179, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-179, 2022.

India is one of the world's most flood-prone countries, with 113 million people exposed to floods. Large-scale hydrological models integrated with complicated Navier–Stokes based hydraulic, and inundation models traditionally address flood preparedness, control, and mitigation. In addition to being highly data-intensive at the fine spatial and temporal resolution, this approach has a considerable computational cost that limits real-time applications. We employ the parameter-free Dynamic Budyko (DB) hydrological model to map observed precipitation with gridded runoff to overcome data scarcity. We propose a time-efficient Slope-corrected, Calibration-free, Iterative Flood Routing and Inundation Model (SCI-FRIM) framework that can be used with any hydrological model to generate a probability map of inundation. To model the catastrophic flood extents that the state of Kerala in India experienced during August 2018, we use gridded 0.25 deg × 0.25 deg IMD precipitation data. We use a parameter-free iterative approach to update flood velocity by assuming that river velocity does not fluctuate geographically across a particular river network at a given time instant. We pre-compute the iterative velocity and model the relationship between flood velocity-discharge and discharge-inundation height for each reach by combining the globally available SRTM/ASTER DEMs with empirically obtained river-reach geometry data (JPL). We compute the reach slope from the absolute vertical error-prone DEM by segmenting the river network into a series of independent channels and extracting the relationship between the channel pixel's elevation and the pixel's distance to the pour point. We use the Height Above Nearest Drainage (HAND) to map the probabilistic spatial extent corresponding to an ensemble of derived reach inundation heights. We then compare the proposed model with observed flood data points provided by the Kerala State Disaster Management Authority (KSDMA). The model captures up to 52% of 370,000 flood data points in a single run for the peak flood day within 15 minutes on a desktop computer. With reliable estimates of empirical bankfull discharge, the proposed model can achieve higher accuracy in lesser time.

How to cite: Unnithan, S. L. K., Biswal, B., Rüdiger, C., and Dubey, A. K.: Conceptual Flood Inundation Modelling: Computationally Efficient Methods for Large Data-scarce River Basins, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-450, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-450, 2022.

Large-magnitude volcanic eruptions have long been considered to pose a threat to the continued flourishing of humanity. The dominant narrative focuses on the nuclear-winter climatic scenarios that may develop as a result of a large-magnitude eruption (magnitudes 7+ on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)) propelling large quantities of ash and gas into our upper atmosphere and devastating global crop production. However, the probability of such an event remains rare, and this narrative fails to fully consider the vulnerability component of the risk equation. We propose that volcanic eruptions of even moderate magnitudes (VEI 3-6) could constitute a global catastrophic risk (events that might inflict damage to human welfare on a global scale) where the impacts of the eruption are amplified through cascading critical system failures.

Increased globalisation in our modern world has resulted in our overreliance on global critical system – networks and supply chains vital to the support and continued development of our societies (e.g. submarine cables, global shipping routes, transport and trade networks). We observe that many of these critical infrastructures and networks converge in regions where they could be exposed to moderate-scale volcanic eruptions (VEI 3-6). These regions of intersection, or pinch points, present localities where we have prioritised efficiency over resilience, and manufactured a new GCR landscape, presenting a scenario for global risk propagation. We present seven global pinch points, including the Strait of Malacca and the Mediterranean, which represent localities where disruption to any of these systems can result in a cascade of global disruptions. This is exemplified by the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull VEI 4 eruption which resulted in the closure of European airspace and cascaded to cause global disruption to just-in-time supply chains and transportation networks.

We suggest that volcanic risk assessments should incorporate interdisciplinary systems thinking in order to increase our resilience to volcanic GCRs.

How to cite: Mani, L., Tzachor, A., and Cole, P.: Lower magnitude volcanic eruptions as Global Catastrophic Risks, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2338, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2338, 2022.

Small Island Developing States are some of the most at risk places to flooding caused by tropical cyclone rainfall. However, there is a mismatch between existing flood risk assessment in small islands, and the increasing severity of projected tropical cyclone rainfall under current and future climate change. This research aims to address this gap by presenting the first application of an event-based rainfall-driven hydrodynamic model in a small island, for the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico. Applying an event set of 59,000 synthetic hurricane rainfall events, we represent hurricane rainfall spatially (~10km) and temporally (2-hourly), estimating flood hazard and population exposure at the island scale (9,100km²) at 20m model resolution using hydrodynamic model LISFLOOD-FP. Using this event-based approach, we aim to understand: i) what are the current estimates of population exposure to flooding from hurricane rainfall in Puerto Rico; and ii) how do these risk estimates change under 1.5°C and 2°C climate scenarios. We find that current population exposure to flooding from hurricane rainfall in Puerto Rico is high (8-9.80% of the population every 5 years), with an increase in population exposure of 1.60-15.20% and 0.70-22.30% under 1.5°C and 2°C climate change. This has critical implications for adaptation to more extreme flood risk in Puerto Rico, as well as underlining the important implications of the 1.5°C Paris Agreement target for small islands – a finding that is likely to be applicable to other small islands affected by tropical cyclones.

How to cite: Archer, L., Neal, J., Bates, P., Vosper, E., Sosa, J., and Mitchell, D.: Current and Future Flood Risk from Tropical Cyclones in Puerto Rico Under 1.5°C and 2°C Climate Change, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2871, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2871, 2022.

In the context of climate change, probability of risk phenomena occurrence is more frequent and with greater intensity. This is especially valid for floods which cause significantly more damage and casualties, as flood-inducing conditions are met more often. The risk is emphasized by the fact that countless human settlements are located on the floodplain of river courses of different sizes and flow rates. The current study aims to detail an automatic GIS model that can easily compare drainage sub-basins of similar order, according to Horton-Strahler hierarchical classification, at large scale, for a given basin, based on morphometric parameters. This implies the use of a digital elevation model (DEM) as the only input layer, and setting a few parameters, in order to extract several quantifiable hydrological indicators, relevant to flood analysis. Some of the most relevant ones from the list are the elongation ratio, circularity ratio, relief ratio, roughness number, drainage density etc. All the functions have been integrated into a GIS tool, that would automatically aid in the fast creation of a final vector layer, that discerns between drainage basins with higher and lower degrees of relative vulnerability. This layer contains an attribute table with all the relevant parameters, as well as the result of the formula that assigns flood vulnerability values to each drainage basin, making possible the quantitative comparison between all the drainage sub-basins. The resulting table analysis is conducted in the background, based on the calculation of normalized values for each parameter, which are encompassed into a final vulnerability score. The model is easily applicable to most types of raster elevation layers, as long as they are in a projected coordinate system, regardless of pixel size. Furthermore, several functions were added to the model to mitigate potential errors that can occur in isolated cases, where the topography is particularly difficult to interpret by some native GIS tools. Therefore, this model is an easy to apply tool, that automatically identifies more vulnerable sub-basins, from a large drainage basin, over extended areas, with limited user-input, facilitating decision making in flood management, while providing quantifiable flood vulnerability results, in a very short period of time, without requiring extensive knowledge from the user.

How to cite: Enea, A., Iosub, M., and Stoleriu, C. C.: GIS automation of large-scale flood vulnerability analysis for drainage basins, based on a single Digital Elevation Model, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2895, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2895, 2022.

Floods are extreme natural hazards often with disastrous impacts on the economy and society. Flood risk assessments are required to better manage risk associated with floods. Nowadays, numerous flood risk models are available at various scales, from catchment to regional or even global scale. They involve a complex modelling chain that estimates risk as the product of probability of occurrence of an event (hazard) with its footprint (exposure) and the consequences over society and economy (vulnerability). Each component of this chain contains uncertainties, that propagate and contribute to the uncertainty in the model outputs. Much effort has been made to quantify such output uncertainty and attribute it to the various uncertainty sources in the modelling chain. However, the key drivers of uncertainty in flood risk estimates are still unclear because previous studies have reached conflicting conclusions.  Two things could possibly explain these ambiguous outcomes. First, these studies were implemented with different models and with different data, as well as different assumptions for the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Second, the studies were conducted at catchment and/or city scale with limited variability of physical and socio-economic characteristics within a study region, but with potentially large differences across study regions. In this project, we study the question of uncertainty quantification and attribution at much larger scale, namely the heterogeneous region of the Rhine River basin. In this way, we can identify spatial patterns of dominant input uncertainties and link them to characteristics, e.g. physical, socio-economic, in the different sub-basins. To this end, we use an industry flood risk model (catastrophe model) provided by JBA Risk Management which is capable of simulating flood risk across such a large region. Our ultimate goal is to provide evidence of how the importance of uncertainties varies across places with different climatic, hydrologic and socio-economic characteristics.

How to cite: Sarailidis, G., Pianosi, F., Wagener, T., Lamb, R., Styles, K., and Hutchings, S.: Linking the relative importance of input uncertainties of a flood risk model with basin characteristics., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3122, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3122, 2022.

Catastrophe models are very important tool to provide proper assessment and financial management of earthquake-related emergencies, which still create the largest protection gap across all other perils. Earthquake catastrophe models contain three main components: earthquake hazard, vulnerability and exposure. Simulating spatially-distributed ground-motion fields within either deterministic or probabilistic seismic hazard assessments poses a major challenge when site-related financial protection products are required. Several authors have demonstrated that the spatial correlation of earthquake ground-motion is period-, regionally- and scenario-dependent, so that the implementation of a unique correlation model may represent an oversimplification.

In this framework, we have established a joint research project between the University of Strathclyde and Impact Forecasting, Aon’s catastrophe model development centre of excellence, in order to advance the understanding of spatial correlations within the catastrophe modelling process. We developed correlation models for northern, central and southern Italian regions using both ad hoc and existing ground-motion models calibrated on different databases. Thereafter, we performed both deterministic scenario and event-based probabilistic hazard and risk assessments for Italy using the 2020 European Seismic Hazard and Risk Models. We employed the OpenQuake-engine for our calculations, which is an open-source tool suitable for accounting for the spatial correlation of earthquake ground-motion residuals. The results demonstrate the importance of considering not only the ground-motion spatial correlation, but also its associated uncertainty in risk analyses. Our findings have implications for (re)insurance companies evaluating the risk to high-value civil engineering infrastructures.

How to cite: Stripajova, S., Schiappapietra, E., Pazak, P., Douglas, J., and Trendafiloski, G.: Investigating the effect of spatial correlation on loss estimation in catastrophe models – a case study for Italy, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4950, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4950, 2022.

This study presents a 30 m model of UK flood hazard that considers fluvial, pluvial and coastal sources of flooding. Each of the three sources of flooding are simulated through a hydrodynamic model utilising a number of methodologies and datasets developed in this study, including a new hydrography dataset for Great Britain, a blended Digital Terrain Model (DTM) consisting of LiDAR and open source terrain datasets and a new discharge model for Great Britain. Alongside these, the study incorporates leading datasets including sub-daily river, rainfall, tidal and sea level datasets alongside national flood defence datasets. A defence detection algorithm is also applied to identify flow control structures from high resolution LiDAR terrain data. Results from the hazard model are validated against national scale flood maps at both a building and footprint scale. Future rainfall estimates are then taken from the UK Climate Projections 18 (UKCP18) to directly estimate changes in rainfall for a number of future time horizons and climate scenarios. Hydrological models are then simulated to calculate changes in river discharge which are then used to perturb boundary conditions in the hydrodynamic model. Future estimates of sea level change are used to perturb the coastal boundary conditions. Combined, these future estimates allow us to directly model changes in UK flood risk for fluvial, pluvial and coastal flooding. We use these findings to identify parts of the UK that are expected to see the greatest changes in flood risk resulting from these future projections. 

How to cite: Savage, J., Wing, O., Quinn, N., Sosa, J., Smith, A., and Sampson, C.: UK flood risk under a changing climate, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-5395, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-5395, 2022.

Floods and tropical cyclones displaced more than 275 million people between 2008 and 2020, with the two hazards together being responsible for 86% of all displacements. It is important to understand the socio-economic drivers of displacement vulnerability to quantify future changes in risk, for instance, due to climate change, economic development, or social inequities. Here, we investigate globally and event-by-event the displacement vulnerability due to flooding and tropical cyclones (TCs), using remote sensing-derived hazard data. We create a database of displacement events associated with spatially explicit flood or TC hazard, by matching displacement data from the Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC) spatially and temporally with satellite imagery from the recently published Global Flood Database and a collection of tropical cyclone data. The resulting hazard footprints are overlaid with gridded population data to derive the number of affected people for each event, which is compared with estimated displacement to determine the event-specific vulnerability. Between and within continental regions, displacement vulnerability varies by several orders of magnitude. We generally find a negative trend between displacement vulnerability and increasing (socio-)economic prosperity indicators, such as GDP per capita or the Human Development Index (HDI). Indicator binning reveals further insights, for instance, a higher proportion of urbanization or female population tends to indicate a lower susceptibility towards TC impacts. We analyze the uncertainty associated with different population datasets and methods to compute the number of affected people. Our analysis provides new insights into patterns and potential drivers of displacement vulnerability across space and between socio-economic groups. To our knowledge, the usage of the extensive set of observational satellite imagery is an unprecedented approach for global flood vulnerability analysis, posing remote sensing as a suitable alternative for global models for future studies. 

How to cite: Mester, B., Frieler, K., and Schewe, J.: A global-scale vulnerability assessment of human displacement for floods and tropical cyclones, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-5608, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-5608, 2022.

Reducing flood risk through improved disaster planning and risk management requires accurate and reliable estimates of flood damages.  Damage models commonly provide such information through calculating the impacts or costs of flooding to exposed assets, such as buildings within a community. At large scales, computational constraints or data coarseness leads to the common practice of aggregating asset data using a single statistic (e.g., the mean) prior to applying non-linear damage models. While this simplification has been shown to bias model results in other fields, like ecology, the influence of object aggregation on flood damage models has so far not been investigated. This study quantifies such errors in 12 published damage function sets and three levels of aggregation using simulated water depths. Preliminary findings show bias as high as 20% (of the damage estimate), with most damage functions having a positive bias for shallower depths (< 1 m) and a negative bias for larger depths (> 1 m). In other words, compared to an analogous model with object-specific asset data, aggregated models overestimate damages at shallow depths and underestimate damages at large depths. These findings identify a potentially significant source of error in large-scale flood damage assessments introduced, not by data quality or model transfer, but by modelling approach. With this information, risk modellers can make more informed decisions about when, where, and to what extent aggregation is appropriate. 

How to cite: Bryant, S., Kreibich, H., and Merz, B.: Flood damage model bias caused by aggregation, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-5679, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-5679, 2022.

Economic inequality is today increasing in many contexts. Its consequences are multifaceted and relate to questions of justice, welfare, human well-being and health. Economic inequality also affects (directly or indirectly) society’s vulnerability to flood disasters. Research has previously shown that the ex-ante economic distribution within a country may affect the disaster outcomes. For instance, unequal societies also tend to exhibit spatial marginalization. If these marginalized areas are burdened with neglected infrastructure they also have a lower ability to divert flood water.

Our work highlights the role that economic inequality plays in explaining human flood losses, worldwide. We perform a statistical analysis using data for over a hundred countries and illustrate the importance of considering income distribution when building flood resilient societies. We also show how our results vary between different levels of economic development and discuss implications of our results on disaster research and risk reduction. 

How to cite: Lindersson, S., Raffetti, E., Brandimarte, L., Mård, J., Rusca, M., and Di Baldassarre, G.: A global analysis of economic inequality and flood losses, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7130, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7130, 2022.

This research examines the responsibilities of and the interactions between the various research institutes, national agencies, regional groups, and local councils involved in monitoring, disseminating, and responding to official tsunami warnings in New Zealand. Specifically, the underlying issues within the separated structure of tsunami early warning and response in New Zealand is examined as to whether this enhances or restricts risk assessment.

In many countries, the same agency is responsible for both monitoring tsunami hazards and issuing tsunami warnings. However, in New Zealand, this process is split. GNS Science is the research institute responsible for monitoring tsunami hazards in New Zealand, if tsunami generation is confirmed GNS Science provides risk information to the nation’s official tsunami warning agency. The National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) is the national agency responsible for issuing tsunami warnings in New Zealand. NEMA communicates national tsunami warnings to regional response groups as well as the public and media. The Civil Defence Emergency Management (CDEM) Groups are then responsible for coordinating regional tsunami evacuations, with New Zealand being split into 16 regional CDEM Groups. Within these regional groups, district and city councils can also tailor the evacuation information to communities at a local level.

Online social research methods were used to explore tsunami risk assessments in New Zealand. 106 documents and archives were collected and 57 semi-structured interviews conducted with tsunami researchers, warning specialists, and emergency managers. The majority of the interviewees were from New Zealand, with some participants also being recruited from Australia, the Pacific Islands, the UK, and the USA. This allowed for national, regional, and local responses in New Zealand to be compared to those in different countries to explore how warning systems operate in practice.

Key findings indicate that New Zealand having separate monitoring and warning agencies leads to the potential for error when passing information between organisations and delays can also be caused in disseminating official warnings. The warnings are communicated on a national scale, whilst the responses carried out vary between regions, having separate warning and evacuation agencies means there is a need for consistent messages and coordinated responses. GNS Science is capable of operating 24 hours per day, whereas NEMA and the CDEM Groups do not currently have this capacity. Again, this can cause delays in issuing and responding to official warnings. Variations in funding on a regional level also effect the number of staff and amount of resources in particular CDEM Groups.

These issues are underpinned by the ways in which knowledge is exchanged within the warning system and the lack of integration between national, regional, and local agencies. Tsunami researchers and warning specialists on a national level, and emergency managers on regional and local levels, must work together to effectively disseminate and respond to official tsunami warnings. This research concludes that the separated structure of tsunami early warning and response in New Zealand involves underlying issues which must be addressed in order to improve risk assessment.

How to cite: Fearnley, C., Hunt, R., Day, S., and Maslin, M.: The Responsibilities of and Interactions between Tsunami Early Warning and Response Agencies in New Zealand, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7321, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7321, 2022.

Costal reclaimed farmlands are commonly threatened by saltwater intrusion and peat-driven salinity, resulting in low and unstable agricultural productions. Climatic variables have a great effect on soil moisture and salinity influencing crop production during the various growing seasons. For this reason, monitoring soil water and salinity dynamics in the root zone during the crop growing season is fundamental to conceive mitigation strategies (e.g., precision irrigation techniques). To this end, a monitoring network was installed in an agricultural field located at the southern margin of the Venice Lagoon. Three soil-stations were placed along the main sandy paleochannel crossing the farmland southwest to northeast (stations S1, S2, and S3), while stations S4 and S5 were placed in two silty-loamy areas with high peat content. Each station was equipped with three T4e tensiometers (UMS GmbH, Munchen, Germany) at 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 m, four Teros 12 sensors (METER Group, Inc., Pullman, WA, USA) measuring volumetric water content, temperature, and electrical conductivity (EC_b) at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 m. In addition, a 2 m deep piezometer was installed to monitor groundwater electrical conductivity (EC_w) and depth to the water table. Soil samples were collected on each monitoring location and analyzed for texture, bulk density (BD), soil organic carbon (SOC), electrical conductivity (EC 1:5), pH, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Moreover, a weather station was installed in the experimental field to accurately monitor the local meteorological conditions during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons. The soil monitoring dataset shows that EC_b increases with depth at all locations. Moreover, rainfall events higher than 10 mm/day caused an increase in the EC_b at all layers and stations. The monitoring stations inside the paleochannel showed lower EC_b if compared to station S4 and S5, probably due to the highest hydraulic conductivity and, consequently, the highest leaching capacity. S5 was characterized by the highest peat content and showed the highest salinity in both soil and groundwater. In general, soil EC_b and groundwater EC_w showed similar behavior in 2019 and 2020, except for S4 and S5 that were saltier in 2019. These preliminary analyses demonstrated a strong influence of rainfall events on salinity behavior and highlights how climatic variables, soil heterogeneity, and saltwater intrusion at depth play an important role in the complex salinity dynamics within the root zone.

How to cite: Teatini, P., Ester, Z., and Francesco, M.: Assessing the effects of climatic variables on soil and groundwater salinity in a low-lying agricultural field near the Venice Lagoon, Italy, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7756, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7756, 2022.

How to cite: Varis, O., Kummu, M., and Taka, M.: Geography of World’s Water Risks, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7874, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7874, 2022.

How to cite: Kirschbaum, D., Stanley, T., Emberson, R., Amatya, P., Khan, S., and Orland, E.: Global Open Source Tools to Support Landslide Hazard and Impact Assessments, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8609, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8609, 2022.

As the climate and the risks of extreme weather to society change, access to tools for researchers and decision makers to assess the possible evolution of impacts should be facilitated. The open-source modelling platform CLIMADA (CLIMate ADAptation) allows to investigate the present and future statistical risk of natural hazards to human and economic systems, from the local to the global scale. One of the latest additions to the platform is an Application Programming Interface (API) providing access to exposure and hazard data to perform risk assessments on a consistent 4km grid. Hazard sets for tropical cyclones, droughts, heat-waves, wildfires, river floods, and crop-yield are, or will imminently be available at a worldwide scale on the API. In addition, region-specific hazards such as European winter storms are available. As for the exposures at risk, both population count and assets can be considered based on the data produced trough the CLIMADA LitPop module.

Owing to the availability of globally consistent hazard and exposures datasets through the CLIMADA API, it is now possible to compute and combine the impacts from several hazards. In this first study making use of the API, we calculate global probabilistic economic impacts for tropical cyclones, river floods and reduced crop yields for historical data, as well as for future time steps based on the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios. From these hazard sets, we compute probabilistic annual impact sets for each hazard. In the case that impacts are provided on an event-base and not on a yearly basis, the probabilistic annual impact sets are created by randomly sampling the number of events per year following a Poisson distribution. From the impact sets per hazard, we finally quantify the total combined cost in a same year and grid cell in order to investigate temporal and spatial correlations of the different hazards.

How to cite: Stalhandske, Z., Schmid, E., Steinmann, C. B., Kropf, C., and Bresch, D. N.: Many-hazard Risk Assessment with the CLIMADA Data API, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8673, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8673, 2022.

Accurately estimating wildfire risk is essential for many use cases, such as prioritizing adaptation resources or offering insurance coverage for these devastating events. In collaboration with the Zurich-based InsurTech company CelsiusPro we present a globally consistent, open-source wildfire hazard, based on state-of-the-art fire models and providing high-resolution, probabilistic fire seasons suitable for risk analysis and insurance coverage pricing.

For the probabilistic part, we build upon the existing wildfire hazard model available on the open-source climate risk modelling platform CLIMADA (CLIMate ADAptation). This model creates stochastic wildfire events at 1 km resolution using a random walk generator that assigns a grid-point specific fire ignition and propagation probability based on Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) satellite data and physical constraints such as population density and land cover. However, this model does not account for key physical drivers, such as wind.

On the other hand, data from state-of-the-art fire models are available through the Fire Model Intercomparison Project (FireMIP), which coordinates the evaluation and comparison of these models. While most available models account for the complexity of fire ignition and propagation including relevant physical drivers, their resolution (ranging from 0.5° to 2.8°) is too coarse for the assessment of economic impacts as needed for insurance coverage pricing. In addition, most models are not fully probabilistic, but provide their outputs for present and future climate conditions.

In this work, we combine the annual fraction of burnt area provided as FireMIP output with CLIMADA’s stochastic model, resulting in a probabilistic, high-resolution wildfire hazard model that is based on state-of-the-art fire modelling. This allows us to compute a globally consistent economic risk of wildfires to physical assets by combining the newly developed hazard with an exposure and vulnerability.

How to cite: Steinmann, C. B., Lüthi, S., Gübeli, S., Guillod, B. P., and Bresch, D. N.: Downscaling global wildfire model output to a relevant scale for probabilistic wildfire risk assessment of economic impacts, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8854, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8854, 2022.

Flood models typically produce flood maps with constant return periods in space, without considering the spatial structure of flood events. At a large scale, this can lead to a misestimation of flood risk and losses caused by extreme events. A stochastic approach to global flood modelling allows the simulation of sets of flood events with realistic spatial structure that can overcome this problem, but until recently this has been limited by the availability of gauge data. Previous research shows that simulated discharge data from global hydrological models can be used to develop a stochastic flood model of the United States (Wing et al., 2020) and suggests that the same approach can potentially be used to build large scale stochastic flood models elsewhere but this has not so far been tested.   

This research therefore focuses on using discharge hindcasts from global hydrological models to drive stochastic flood models in different areas of the world. By comparing the outputs of these simulations to a gauge-based approach, we analyse how a model-based approach can simulate spatial dependency in large scale flood modelling outside of well-gauged territories such as the US. Based on data availability we selected different areas in Australia, Southern Africa, Southeast Asia, South America and Europe for the analysis.

The results of this research show that the performance of a model-based approach in the different continents is promising and in most areas the errors are comparable to the results obtained in the United States by Wing et al. (2020). In the United States, with this magnitude of errors, the loss distribution obtained using the model-based approach is near identical to the one produced by the gauge-based method. This suggests that this method could be used in other regions to characterize losses. Using a network of synthetic gauges with data from global hydrological models would allow the development of a stochastic flood model with detailed spatial dependency, generating realistic event sets in data-scarce regions and loss exceedance curves where exposure and vulnerability data are available.

References

Wing, O. E. J., Quinn, N., Bates, P. D., Neal, J. C., Smith, A. M., Sampson, C. C., Coxon, G., Yamazaki, D., Sutanudjaja, E. H., & Alfieri, L. (2020). Toward Global Stochastic River Flood Modeling. Water Resources Research, 56(8). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr027692

How to cite: Olcese, G., Bates, P., Neal, J., Sampson, C., Wing, O., and Quinn, N.: Can hydrological models be used to characterize spatial dependency in global stochastic flood modelling?, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-9310, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-9310, 2022.

Whilst the last decades have seen a clear shift in emphasis from managing natural hazards to managing risk, the majority of natural hazard risk research still focuses on single hazards. Internationally, there are calls for more attention for multi-hazards and multi-risks. Within the EU-funded project MYRIAD-EU, we argue for an approach that addresses multi-hazard, multi-risk management through the lens of sustainability challenges that cut across sectors, regions, and hazards. In this approach, the starting point is a specific sustainability challenge, rather than an individual hazard or sector, and trade-offs and synergies are examined across sectors, regions, and hazards. We argue for in-depth case studies in which various approaches for multi-hazard and multi-risk management are co-developed and tested in practice. In this contribution, we present this project, whose goal is to enable stakeholders to develop forward-looking disaster risk management pathways that assess trade-offs and synergies of various strategies across sectors, hazards, and scales.

How to cite: Ward, P. and the MYRIAD-EU team: MYRIAD-EU: towards Disaster Risk Management pathways in multi-risk assessment, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-9323, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-9323, 2022.

Estimating site amplification of earthquake ground shaking at new sites and sites without any direct geotechnical measurements of site parameters remains a large challenge in seismic hazard assessment. Currently, the standard procedure is to use site proxies inferred from topographic slope from digital elevation models (DEMs). In this study, we test a geomorphological model for inferred regolith, soil and sediment depth by Pelletier et al. (2016). This model was originally developed as input for hydrology and ecosystem models and is based on several global values in addition to the topographic slope, including geological maps and water table data.

To test the suitability of the geomorphological model for ground-shaking prediction we derive the empirical site amplification for sites in Japan, Italy and California using different regional and global seismological datasets. We use the observed shaking amplification to test the correlation between the observed ground-shaking site amplification and the inferred site proxies and test the performance of site amplification models based on geomorphological proxies. We find that the geomorphological model works equally well or slightly better than the traditional inferred proxies. We therefore argue that this model is a promising alternative proxy that can be used for predicting site amplification on new sites and regions for which no geotechnical information exists (i.e. on a global level). This result has important implications for the development of the new generation of ground-shaking models used for shake maps and seismic hazard models.

How to cite: Loviknes, K. and Cotton, F.: Testing global geomorphological model as site proxy to predict ground-shaking amplification, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-9586, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-9586, 2022.

Population projections for alternative socio-economic scenarios are crucial to understand climate change impacts. Current global gridded population projections are only available at coarse resolutions (~1km) that are inconsistent with the latest hazard models. Thus, climate change impact studies often utilise sub-optimum datasets by using coarse resolution gridded population predictions or present day population, and therefore may not adequately represent future population. To fill this gap, we use the latest datasets that align with the policy relevant Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) Scenarios and CMIP6 projections to create the first gridded population at ~90m resolution globally. We call this new dataset FuturePop. Projections are made at decadal intervals and extend to 2100 for each of the 5 SSP scenarios. Our method uses country level population and % urban projections from the SSP Database, redistributing population based on delineation of rural and urban areas. We add sophistication to our method by considering associated information such as travel time, and also include predictions of urban expansion. Comparison to existing global and regional datasets show FuturePop has considerable skill in predicting plausible population changes and redistribution. Lastly, we demonstrate the importance of using FuturePop for future flood risk compared to existing gridded population projections. Hazard footprints typically have horizontal length scales of tens to thousands of meters, thus it is crucial to depict populations at these scales to accurately estimate future flood exposure.

How to cite: Hawker, L., Bates, P., and Neal, J.: FuturePop - Global Gridded Population Projections at 90m resolution, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-9606, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-9606, 2022.

To understand continental scale flood risks, including spatial and temporal coherence and cascading events, is of particular importance to the insurance industry. For this industry, an “event” entails a certain regulatory duration, and encompasses the spatial scale of the portfolio of the insurer. This requires a large catalogue of statistically well-sampled, climatologically realistic possible events, much longer than any historical record can provide. We hypothesize that events that might have occurred in the recent past, but did not occur, may be generated from shorter duration historical samples, by temporal resampling, and spatial reshuffling.

In this contribution, we present a model framework – developed by a consortium of Fathom, Deltares, and AXA – that can efficiently compute very large event sets, using synthetically sampled weather (up to many thousands of years) that simulates continuous daily weather and sub-daily (for small-scale pluvial flooding) weather statistics, a gridded hydrological model forced by the synthetic weather that produces long-term hydrological statistics, and a subcatchment-scale fluvial and pluvial flood model archive, produced from large amounts of simulations with the Fathom flood model engine. The framework is setup such that components within the framework can be easily improved or replaced by new components, e.g. providing updated historical baselines for weather generation, enhanced weather generation, enhanced flood maps, or improved hydrological relationships. We present our first simulations using a k-nearest-neighbour weather resampling, using Self-Organizing-Maps, 10,000 years of simulated weather and hydrology, and sampled flood statistics. In forthcoming work, we will improve weather generation mechanism by relaxing the spatial locations of weather systems, and implement climate change.

How to cite: Wing, O., Winsemius, H., Meynadier, R., Rakotoarimanga, H., Hegnauer, M., Boisgontier, H., Weisman, A., Smith, A., and Sampson, C.: The development of a European flood catastrophe model, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10178, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10178, 2022.

Global flood models have undergone rapid development over the past decade. However, with each new generation of model it is essential to systematically evaluate simulation performance for a range of tests and against multiple sources of data. It is also important to take stock, document lessons learnt and contribute to the formation of better practice and modelling standards in the field. Here we illustrate some of the progress being made in global flood modelling by evaluating the latest 30 m resolution implementation of the LISFLOOD-FP/Fathom global flood model over the Central Highlands of Vietnam, and benchmark it against several previous incarnations of the model.

Two independent data sources are used to evaluate the model. The first of these maps recent flood extents using remotely sensed data from the Sentinal-1 missions and compares them to global flood model outputs of commensurate return periods. The second data set identifies land parcels (properties and agricultural fields) that flooded during the same events from a household survey, where uniquely all household land parcels in four villages were sampled. The independence of the date sets also allowed for cross-validation of the observations.

Substantial simulation enhancements are associated with the transition from SRTM and MERIT DEM’s at 90 m resolution to FABDEM, a version of Copernicus DEM at 30 m with forests and buildings removed. In addition to improvements derived from the DEM, more accurate river location, river width and discharge estimates combined with the inversion of river bathymetry via gradually varied rather than uniform flow theory also have an impact on performance.

How to cite: Neal, J., Hawker, L., Savage, J., Kirkpatrick, T., Zylberberg, Y., and Nam, P. K.: Evaluating the next generation of global flood models in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-11682, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11682, 2022.

As part of the NARSIS (New Approach to Reactor Safety ImprovementS, www.narsis.eu) project, and the MYRIAD-EU (Multi-hazard and sYstemic framework for enhancing Risk-Informed mAnagement and Decision-making in the EU, www.myriadproject.eu) project, a compendium of existing open access software packages for risk modelling of natural hazards, as well as a review of multi-hazard projects has been undertaken with a clear focus on assessments in Europe.

There have been over 200 open access software packages produced for the evaluation of singular natural hazards, combinations of natural hazards and multi-hazard identified either propagating through to risk, or calculating extensive hazard metrics. By far, the most have been built for floods, and earthquakes, however a number have been designed for multi-hazard (RiskSCAPE, HAZUS and variants, CLIMADA, NARSIS-MHE, InaSAFE to name a few).

In around 120 of them, they have moved through to risk assessment, with the calculation of risk metrics. Many of these have been designed for scenario analysis, but there are also many which employ probabilistic methods or stochastic models to evaluate risk. In this work, the classification of the open access software packages follows that of previous studies (Daniell et al., 2014), but with a focus on the use for multi-hazard assessment rather than singular hazards.

Moving through to multi-risk, a number include different interconnected systems for assets (OOFIMS for instance from the EU SYNER-G project). Although there are very few that deal with consecutive or coinciding hazards, a number can be adapted to do this, and some even have the ability to be used for cascading hazard analysis.

By understanding the state-of-the-art in existing software packages as of 2022, a multi-hazard framework can be produced for various economic sectors such as ecosystems and forestry, energy, finance, food and agriculture, infrastructure and transport, as well as tourism, to solve some of the missing links when looking at the impacts of consecutive, coinciding or cascading hazards. In addition, relevant software packages have been found to conduct assessments on the European scale, but also on the local scale for more detailed analyses.

How to cite: Daniell, J., Schaefer, A., de Ruiter, M., Foerster, E., Ward, P., Brand, J., Khazai, B., Girard, T., and Wenzel, F.: Multi-hazard open access software package review with the potential for conducting sectoral risk assessments on a European or local scale, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-12982, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12982, 2022.

Bedform occurrence and geometry in sand-bedded rivers is traditionally predicted with phase diagrams and empirical equations, in which regional river characteristic are used. Field observations supporting these equations are often made in regions where bedform fields are known to be present and are spatially uniform. However, bedforms occurrence and geometry can vary significantly at the scale of the river width, limiting the applicability of bedform diagrams and questioning the objectivity of field study area selection. To enable the prediction of dune geometry, its spatial variability needs to be better understood.

In this study, we aim to relate spatial variations in dune characteristic to grain size characteristics, river geometry, and local flow variation governed by the sub-bedform topography. We hypothesize that curvature-induced bars and pools drive local hydrodynamics, which in turn determine local dune characteristics. To test this hypothesis, bathymetric field data and sediment samples were collected in the fluvial-to-tidal-transition zone of the Fraser river, a sand-bedded lowland river in British Columbia, Canada. A 2D hydrodynamic model was created to explore the impacts of spatial variation in hydraulic conditions.

We find that the cross-sectional variability in dune geometry is larger than the longitudinal variability, and that the transition of one type of dune field into another is abrupt rather than gradual. Phase diagrams do not capture these observations accurately. Local hydraulic conditions are more important in determining spatial variability in dune geometry than regional scale changes in river geometry, grain size variation and tidal influence. Dune height has an ambiguous relationship with river depth: the spatial variation in dune height depends on local shear stresses governed by the sub-bedform topography characterized by pools and troughs.

How to cite: de Lange, S., Murphy, D., Bradley, R., Schrijvershof, R., Waldschläger, K., Kostaschuk, R., Venditti, J., and Hoitink, T.: Spatial variability in dune morphology is driven by local flow patterns steered by bars and pools, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-872, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-872, 2022.

Large parts of the sandy seabed of shallow seas are covered with rhythmic bed patterns, such as tidal sand waves. Due to their dynamic nature and size, sand waves may pose a threat to offshore development, such as wind farm construction. Decadal predictions of seabed dynamics are thus required, which are currently determined using data-driven methods. Process-based models could be used to increase the accuracy of bed level predictions in these environments. Moreover, these tools could provide a solution for data scarce areas and show the effects of extreme events and human interventions.

The complex, process-based numerical model Delft3D-4 has been used to model sand wave dynamics in idealized settings (e.g. Borsje et al., 2013) and more recently for realistic cases (Krabbendam et al., 2021).  In the current model set-up, the hydrodynamic boundary conditions are imposed at 20 km from the sand wave area. A flat buffer area is created to enable the flow to adapt and keep boundary effects away from the area of interest. As an undesired consequence of this the hydrodynamic forcing at the boundaries is now different from what is simulated in the sand wave area, making it difficult to define realistic forcing. The newly developed Delft3D Flexible Mesh (FM) model, the successor of Delft3D-4, shows the ability to drastically reduce this buffer area. Through a new, more comprehensive, type of boundary condition more accurate hydrodynamics can be imposed, by defining water level and flow velocity profile over depth simultaneously at inflow boundaries.

In this study the Delft3D FM model is applied to multiple transects in the North Sea, where the accuracy of the hydrodynamics is validated using a large-scale model and measurement data. By splitting the hydrodynamic signal into tidal components and non-tidal currents, the contribution of the various local hydrodynamic components to sand wave dynamics is determined.

This study shows the importance of accurate representation of local hydrodynamics for understanding sand wave dynamics. It is for example found that minor changes in residual currents will significantly alter the bed level changes over the considered time periods. Using the Delft3D FM model more realistic boundary conditions can easily be defined. Combined with a reduction of computation times of over 50%, compared to Delft3D-4, the first steps towards engineering applications of numerical models for predictions of sand wave dynamics are made.

Borsje, B. W., Roos, P. C., Kranenburg, W. M., & Hulscher, S. J. M. (2013). Modeling tidal sand wave formation in a numerical shallow water model: The role of turbulence formulation. Continental Shelf Research, 60,17-27.

Krabbendam, J.M., Nnafie, A., de Swart, H.E., Borsje, B.W., & Perk, L. (2021). Modelling the Past and Future Evolution of Tidal Sand Waves. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(10), 1071.

How to cite: Overes, P., Borsje, B., Luijendijk, A., and Hulscher, S.: Understanding the Effects of Local Hydrodynamic Components on Sand Wave Dynamics: A North Sea Case Study, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-883, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-883, 2022.

Insights from a geoscience communication activity, verified using preliminary investigations with an artificial neural network, illustrate that observation of humans’ abilities can help design an effective machine learning algorithm - colloquially known as Artificial Intelligence or ‘AI’. Even given only one set of 'training' examples, survey participants could visually recognise which flow conditions created bedforms (e.g. sand dunes, riverbed ripples) from their shapes, but an interpreter's geoscience expertise does not help.  Together, these observations were interpreted as indicating that a machine learning algorithm might be trained successfully from limited data, particularly if it is 'helped' by pre-processing bedforms into a simple shape familiar from childhood play. [https://gc.copernicus.org/articles/5/11/2022/]

How to cite: Hillier, J. K., Unsworth, C., De Clerk, L., and Savel'ev, S.: Identifying conditions that sculpted bedforms - Human insights to build an effective artificial intelligence ‘AI’, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-1437, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1437, 2022.

Marine dunes are sedimentary forms typically encountered on continental shelves. They migrate under the combined action of tidal currents and waves. Such an active environment poses a challenge to the design, safety, and maintenance of offshore and coastal works. Due to the continuous seabed evolution created by marine dune dynamics, offshore wind farm (OWF) elements, such as pile foundations and cables, are at risk of becoming exposed, weakening their integrity and stability, or on the contrary overburied, generating additional mechanical and thermal loads. Local scour at the toe of individual structures, and global scour resulting in the general lowering of the seabed around a group of structures, can also be elements of concern. Being able to predict the evolution and migration of marine dunes is, therefore, critical to limit damage to the infrastructures and to design effective protection works where needed.

In this context, the present work will investigate marine dune dynamics at different spatial and temporal scales (from metres to kilometres, from days to years) using a complex process-based model: the suite of open-source numerical solvers TELEMAC-MASCARET. The objective is to gain a better understanding of the hydrodynamics, the sediment transport and morphological processes at play in a marine dune environment, as well as of the mutual interactions between the dune field and the OWF elements. The model capabilities to reproduce large-scale sediment transport processes in OWF environments and to obtain accurate diachronic predictions of the dunes’ evolution will be assessed in this work, and further developed if necessary.

A large dataset (bathymetric surveys over several periods, metocean data, and sediment data) has been collected in the last few years for a proposed OWF project off Dunkirk, France. These data will prove invaluable to assess the model performance. They indicate dune migration rates of tens of metres per year in places. The site is subjected to relatively strong tidal flows, with a predominance of the flood towards the North-East. Waves are primarily from the South-West, travelling in the Channel, but some significant events from the North-North-East have been noted.

This work is part of the 3-year MODULLES project: MOdelling of marine DUnes: Local and Large-scale EvolutionS in an OWF context, funded by France Energies Marines and the French government, under the “Investissements d’Avenir” programme managed by the French National Research Agency ANR. It is hosted by the Saint-Venant Hydraulics Laboratory (LHSV). 

How to cite: Durand, N., Tassi, P., Blanpain, O., and Lefebvre, A.: Numerical modelling of marine dunes: Large-scale evolutions in an OWF context, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-1713, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1713, 2022.

We study the morphodynamics of reversing dunes on the gravel deposits of the alluvial fan of the Molcha river at the border between the Tibetan Plateau and the Taklamakan Desert (Gao et al., 2021). Independent sets of wind data show that this area of low sand availability is exposed to two prevailing winds from opposite directions and of different strengths. The predicted resultant transport direction of sand particles is westward. Nevertheless, satellite observations combined with field measurements and ground-penetrating radar surveys reveal that isolated dunes a few meters high migrate eastward. This apparent dune migration paradox is resolved using numerical and analytical models that take into account the speed-up effect and the continuous change in dune shape after each wind reversal. When a newly established wind hits what was before the steeper lee slope of the dune, the sand flux at the crest abruptly increases before relaxing back to a constant value as the crest migrates downwind and as the dune reaches a new steady shape. Integrated over the entire wind cycle, we find that this non-linear behavior causes reversing dunes to migrate against the resultant transport direction. This migration reflects the difference in dune slope seen by irregular storm events blowing to the east and the westward wind of the daily cycle. Thus, we explore the impact of extreme events on dune morphodynamics and examine new aspects of the permanent feedback between dune topography and wind speed. We conclude that transient behaviors associated with crest reversals contribute to the observed diversity of dune patterns, even within the same area for dunes of different sizes.

Gao, X., Narteau, C., & Gadal, C. (2021). Migration of reversing dunes against the sand flow path as a singular expression of the speed-up effect. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 126, e2020JF005913. https://doi. org/10.1029/2020JF005913.

How to cite: Gao, X., Narteau, C., and Gadal, C.: Migration of Reversing Dunes Against the Sand Flow Path as a Singular Expression of the Speed-Up Effect, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-2487, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2487, 2022.

Dunes which develop in large rivers, in tidally-constrained environments (estuaries and tidal channels) and in open marine areas (e.g. continental shelf) commonly have gentle lee sides, and more rarely steep lee sides close to the angle-of-repose (30°). Lee side angle has a strong influence on the interaction between dunes and flow: over steep lee side angles (> ca. 25°), the flow separates and a strong turbulent wake is formed. Over intermediate angles (ca. 15 to 25°), flow separation is reduced or intermittent and the wake is small and weak. Over angles less than ca. 15°, there is no flow separation and only little turbulence produced.

However, the lee side is rarely made of a straight line with a constant angle. Instead, it usually varies, with gentler and steeper portions. Recently, it has been demonstrated that dunes in big rivers have their maximum lee side angle situated close to the trough. On the other hand, the lee side of estuarine bedforms is situated close to the crest. The influence of the position of the steepest slope on flow properties above bedforms is currently unknown.

To characterise it, many numerical modelling experiments were carried out to simulate flow properties (Reynolds-averaged velocities and turbulence) over low and high-angle dunes, with their steepest slope varying between the crest and the trough. The results show that the position of the steep portion on the lee side has an influence on flow properties over dunes.

How to cite: Lefebvre, A. and Cisneros, J.: The influence of dune lee side shape on flow above bedforms, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3370, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3370, 2022.

Biologically-mediated muds and sand-mud sediment mixtures are prevalent in lowland rivers, coastal, marine, and estuarine environments. These systems are highly sensitive to ongoing sea-level rise and environmental change. Effective management of these environments and adaptation to future changes, including mitigation to flood risk, requires accurate prediction of how flow and bed morphology changes over time, which has recently been shown to strongly depend upon substrate composition and the mud-to-sand ratios.  

Mud is cohesive and helps stick granular sediment together, potentially reducing sediment transport rates and bedform growth, which impacts hydraulic resistance and thus the fluid flow. We examined the co-evolution of bedform growth (morphodynamics) and hydraulic resistance (hydrodynamics) in muddy, shallow coastal environments subject to the simultaneous action of waves and currents (combined-flow) through controlled physical experiments in the Total Environment Simulator at the University of Hull. 

We conducted experiments with combined flow (regular waves plus a steady current in 0.4 m water depth) over 1.5 m wide channels constructed within the experiment basin (11 m long). The channels were each filled with a homogeneous sediment mixture of kaolin clay (D₅₀ = 8 microns) and medium sand (D₅₀ = 390 microns) in mud-to-sand ratios ranging between 0% (clean sand, baseline) and 16% by mass, to a substrate depth of 0.10 m. We ran the experiments to equilibrium conditions whereby steady-state bedform dimensions were approached with respect to the flow conditions. As such, longer experimental run-times were required for beds with higher mud-to-sand ratios. We quantified bedform formation and evolution, and flow velocities with a suite of acoustic sensors. With the 3D flow velocity data, we quantified turbulent fluctuations to assess the flow dynamics and estimate shear characteristics of the flow. We used these data to quantify hydraulic resistance.  

Our results show that there is a mud-content threshold of approximately 8-11% (depends on hydrodynamic conditions) below which clean sand ripples form once the finer sediment is winnowed out, leading to similar ripple heights as those measured for clean sand conditions at equilibrium. This in turns results in comparable hydraulic resistance (friction) to the low mud or sand-only substrates. However, increasing clay content suppresses bedform dimensions (shorter and smaller ripples), and thus reduces hydraulic resistance. Above the mud-content threshold, ripples are inhibited and sand transport rates are insignificant, resulting in minimal form drag and subdued skin friction. Our results suggest that hydraulic resistance predictors for muddy-, shallow-coastal environments need to account for the presence of mud and its modulating effects in sediment transport and friction, which ultimately affects flow properties and associated flood risks. 

How to cite: Fernández, R., Kassem, H., Wu, X., and Parsons, D.: Modulation of sediment transport rates and hydraulic resistance by increasing mud-to-sand ratios, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3919, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3919, 2022.

Tidal sand waves are rhythmic bed forms with wavelengths of several hundreds of meters, height of several meters and they migrate over the sandy bed of continental shelf seas with several meters per year. They are often dredged for sand extraction, maintaining navigation depths or cable and pipeline burial in offshore wind farms. However, little is known on how sand waves respond to such perturbations. Observations in the Seto Inland Sea in Japan (Katoh et al., 1998) and model experiments of Campmans et al. (2021) suggest that sand waves tend to recover after dredging. This hypothesis is tested by the analysis of high resolution multibeam bathymetry data of three areas in the Belgian part of the North Sea. These three areas have been subject to sand extraction and were frequently surveyed, which continued in the years after extraction had ceased. From these observations, the time evolution of sand wave height, length, width, orientation and migration is determined. In one of the three sites, tidal sand wave height increased in the 10 years after closure. The other two sites show no sign of sand wave growth yet. These observations will be discussed considering the different environmental characteristics of these three sites: grain size, water depth, tidal characteristics, and the presence of smaller and larger bed forms.

References
Campmans, G., Roos, P., Van der Sleen, N., & Hulscher, S. (2021). Modeling tidal sand wave recovery after dredging: effect of different types of dredging strategies. Coastal engineering, 165, 103862.

Katoh, K., Kume, H., Kuroki, K., & Hasegawa, J. (1998). The Develop- ment of Sand Waves and the Maintenance of Navigation Channels in the Bisanseto Sea. Coastal Engineering ’98, ACSE, Reston, VA, 3490–3502. doi: 10.1061/9780784404119.265

How to cite: Krabbendam, J., Nnafie, A., Roche, M., Degrendele, K., van Lancker, V., and de Swart, H.: Morphodynamic response of tidal sand waves to sand extraction in the Belgian North Sea, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4507, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4507, 2022.

Estuaries, deltas and tidal basins are highly dynamic systems where sand and mud are transported under the complex interactions of bathymetry, currents and waves. A fundamental understanding of the formation of these coastal environments and how they will respond to changes in the future requires a better understanding of natural dynamics at the scale of individual channels and bars. The current research aims to investigate sediment transport of mud and sand mixtures at bar margins under combined waves and currents, with a particular interest in the effect of varying bedforms. To this end, experiments were conducted in an 11m long recirculating flume with an initially transversely sloped bed, representing a side-slope of a coastal sand bar. Wave intensity and mud content were systematically varied between runs. Results showed two significantly different mechanisms of sediment transport depending on the erodibility of the sediment with a clear threshold of mud content and wave intensity. During experiments with only sand, the transverse slope developed towards a flat bed over the cross-section as a result of waves stirring up the sediment and gravity pulling the sediment downslope. Symmetrical ripples formed over the width of the slope and sediment was actively transported downslope along the ripple crests. Additionally, sand waves with a longer wavelength formed in the longitudinal direction. Adding a relatively low volume of cohesive sediment did not have a significant effect on the speed at which the transverse slope decreased towards a flat bed, but there was a slower adaptation of the morphology in longitudinal direction. Ripples were three-dimensional and with highly varying dimensions based on local mud content and location on the transverse slope. With increasing mud content however, the cohesivity of the sediment mixture increased the threshold of sediment motion and only the higher part of the transverse slope experienced shear stresses that were high enough to transport sediment. Here, the mud was winnowed out of the mixture into suspension and only the sand fraction was transported downslope. Future experiments will focus on linking the direction of sediment transport under combined waves and currents to landscape development to study the larger-scale implications of the observed differences in transport mechanisms and bedform dimensions.

How to cite: Baar, A.: Slope-driven sediment transport of sand-mud mixtures in coastal environments, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-5303, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-5303, 2022.

During this pivotal time of energy transition, it is of crucial importance to unlock the potential of the seabed for offshore energy conversion and electrical power transport. With the construction of ever larger offshore windfarms plus other coastal infrastructure, a better understanding of the interactions between the infrastructure and the flow, the flow and the seabed, and all the above with marine life has never been more pressing, as they define feasibility and sustainability of the offshore projects. 

To better understand the dynamics of the flow in the wake of a large object, the School of Ocean Sciences at Bangor University deployed a bed frame with an Acoustic Doppler Current profiler in the wake of a 10 m-high and steep-crested sediment wave on a seabed 60 meters deep. Vessel-mounted ADCP data was collected simultaneously in orthogonal transects. Velocity profiles near the seabed diverge from the standard law of the wall. On the flood tides, when the flow interacted with the large bedform, increased turbulence in the water column vertically mixed the suspended sediments (measured via the ADCP) into a vertically uniform suspension. On the ebb tides, without any interactions with the bedform, the backscatter shows a boundary layer bursting structure.  

The enhanced turbulence can affect the sediment composition and bed mobility in these large wakes whether they are natural or anthropogenic, and to numerically model these effects is complex. We discuss the wider impacts of this work, as changes to sediment, seabed and water column properties can affect aggregations of prey that crucially depend on it. These changes can then extend through the food chain and contribute to the ecological impacts of windfarms, both as risks and as opportunities.

How to cite: Van Landeghem, K., Unsworth, C., Austin, M., and Waggitt, J.: Flow changes in the wake of a large sediment wave: helping to understand geological and ecological impacts of seabed infrastructure., EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6349, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6349, 2022.

Introduction: Simulating the fluvial activity produced landscape changes on the Earth is difficult and even harder on another planet, like Mars. There are several erosion models (eg. USLE, RUSLE), which can be well used in terrestrial environments, but these models are not able to be applied for Mars. The SIMWE erosion-accumulation model [1] is a good one to simulate fluvial surface modification in a short timescale, because the model uses only physically based parameters, in contrast the most used terrestrial model USLE uses two theoretical parameters (C and P parameters).

The SIMWE model was used already in the Martian environment [2] but not properly. This new version of the adopted SIMWE model produced more realistic results for the erosion-accumulation of the analysed valley system. This fluvial valley can be found next to the Palos crater and Tinto Vallis, for this reason called Tinto-B.

Data and Methods: To perform the erosion-accumulation model, digital elevation model (DEM) from the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) with 50 meter/pixel (m/px) resolution and thermal inertia data (TI) from the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) with 100 m/px resolution were used. For the erosion-accumulation model the SIMulated Water Erosion Model (SIMWE) was used, which is integrated into GRASS GIS. The tool simulates the erosion-accumulation of a terrain using several physical based parameters, like water depth and shear stress. The estimated maximal flow depth depends on the flow width, which was calculated in SAGA GIS, and the upstream slope, which was calculated in GRASS GIS. To run the model, beside the original DEM, the estimated water depth and the estimated specific volumetric transport [3] were used as transport coefficient. The detachment coefficient depends on the sediment diameter size.

The formation timescale [3] was based on the full water depth, which was estimated in SAGA GIS and the already mentioned volumetric sediment transport.

Results: The erosion-accumulation model was used in four different durations. The model used 60, 720 and 1440-minutes erosion-accumulation periods. The average water depth used in the simulation was 5.8 meters with an average 3.73 m/s flow velocity. In all cases the accumulation dominates the analysed area.

The formation timescale represents how much time (in year) needed to erode the sediment volume, which is represented by the full water depth, to the original surface. The average time of the erosion is 153344 years.

Discussion:The model was tested at a longer timescale than 24 hours, but there aren’t any significant differences. To simulate longer time, the 24 hours results were multiplied by 365.25, which represent one terrestrial year and multiplied again with the results of the formation time-scale calculation. These erosion-accumulation results do not represent properly the long time landscape changes, but in shorter times (1000 years) work well.

References: [1] Mitasova et al, 2004, Path Sampling Method for Modeling Overland Water Flow, Sediment Transport, and Short Term Terrain Evolution in Open Source GIS; [2] Steinmann et al, 2020, Geomorphological analysis of Tinto-B Vallis on Mars; [3] Kelinhans et al, 2010, Paleoflow reconstruction from fan delta morphology on Mars

How to cite: Steinmann, V. and Kereszturi, Á.: Surface change analysis of a small scaled Martian valley system based on an erosion-accumulation model, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7857, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7857, 2022.

Dunes are ubiquitous features in most sand- and gravel-bed rivers worldwide and are key elements of sediment transport. Their variable height may also interfere with shipping routes and help dictate shipping loads. Knowledge of dune dynamics and spatio-temporal sediment transport is thus essential in understanding river dynamics and for the navigability, sustainable management and maintenance of rivers, especially in times of more extreme floods. To date, most morphodynamic studies of river-beds have been based on either bathymetric time series or sub-bottom profiling data, but not collected at the same time and the sub-bottom data not in time series. As such, these data do not allow for the identification of spatio-temporal variations of sediment storage in, and reactivation of, the shallow sub-surface as related to dune kinematics. Our field study, reported here, sought to address this gap in knowledge by investigating the stratification produced by dunes in the shallow subsurface through sub-bottom profiler time series in combination with bathymetric time series and vibracores.

In three areas of varying grain size in the River Waal, Netherlands, we collected four 7-km long tracks of high-resolution sub-bottom profiler data (Parametric Echo Sounder, PES) and, simultaneously, multibeam echo sounder (MBES) data. In two repeat surveys in areas 2 and 3, and four repeat surveys in area 1, data were acquired to gain insight into the preservation and reactivation of dune deposits over short-term periods of 1 day to 3 weeks. Interpretation of the sub-bottom data is aided using 18 vibracores of 4 – 5 m depth.

Initial analyses show the migration and morphological change of the large dunes, thereby obliterating dunes mapped during the first survey, and the presence of superimposed small dunes. The PES data of large dunes exhibit foresets, reactivation surfaces where superimposed dunes migrated down the lee slopes, and strong near-horizontal reflectors at the base of large dunes, interpreted as the lower bounding surface. The surveys also identified dune stratification preserved below the active dune scour depth, and several horizontal reflectors at depth.

Coupling these sedimentary structures in the bed profile data to both the simultaneous MBES data and a unique longer-term MBES time series, comprising two-weekly surveys (2005-2021) and half-yearly surveys (from 1999), provides an unparalleled opportunity to date these sedimentary structures, (1) to investigate longer-term aggradation and dune preservation and (2) to link these to flood and depositional events over the past decades. Here, we present initial results. This field dataset and approach yield a unique, high-resolution, spatio-temporal reconstruction of sediment preservation that significantly contributes to the insight into sediment storage times and preservation of dune-scale sedimentary structures in river beds. These field data also help to improve data-driven modelling.

How to cite: Van Dijk, T. A. G. P., Best, J., Karaoulis, M., van Rijnsoever, P., van Onselen, E., Lowag, J., and Kleinhans, M. G.: Linking dune dynamics and preservation: a unique approach using multibeam and parametric echo sounding time series, River Waal, Netherlands, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-8182, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8182, 2022.